“…Tichenor, Donohue and Olien's community structural pluralism model was among the first to conceptualize media content and effects as dependent variables that are systematically constrained and enabled by communitylevel factors (Donohue, Olien, & Tichenor, 1985, 1989Donohue, Tichenor, & Olien, 1986;Hindman, 1996;Olien, Donohue, & Tichenor, 1968;Olien, Tichenor, & Donohue, 1988;Tichenor, Olien, & Donohue, 1987). The Minnesota group's research program is in direct contrast to research in the media effects tradition, which treats psychological predispositions and media use as independent variables and individual-level effects on cognitive structures, attitudes, and behavior as dependent variables.…”