The communication anxiety inventory: Validation of state‐and context‐communication apprehension

Abstract

1986) The communication anxiety inventory: Validation of state-and context-communication apprehension, Communication Quarterly, 34:2,[194][195][196][197][198][199][200][201][202][203][204][205]

A Racing Heart, Rattling Knees, and Ruminative Thoughts: Defining, Explaining, and Treating Public Speaking Anxiety

“…These negative experiences seem to manifest into a strong tendency for high trait PSAs to think negatively; negative thoughts intrude on the ability to attend to aspects of the speaking situation (Addison, Clay, Xie, Sawyer, & Behnke, 2003;. Although all speakers think more negatively than positively (Booth-Butterfield & Booth-Butterfield, 1990), high cognitive trait PSA speakers have significantly more negative and self-focused thoughts than low PSA speakers (Ayres, 1988;Study 1;Booth-Butterfield, 1989;Daly, Vangelisti, & Lawrence, 1989) and report being more concerned about their performance and about being evaluated (Daly, Vangelisti, Neel, et al, 1989). The negative thinking exhibited by high cognitive trait PSA speakers can reduce speaking competence (Rubin, Rubin, & Jordan, 1997), impact the interpretation of feedback (BoothButterfield, 1989), and lower the potential impact of transitory causes (e.g., audience) since high trait PSAs are typically highly aroused even in low intensity situations (Beatty & Behnke, 1991).…”

“…The first study to detect directional differences in physiological responding (Booth-Butterfield, 1987) showed that compared to low trait PSA speakers, the HR curve of those with high trait PSA ''more closely [followed] the original quadratic curve of classic speech anxiety research'' (p. 395). Low trait PSA speakers tended to show peaked HR at confrontation then return to baseline levels after 30 seconds.…”

“…Ayres and Sonandré (2002) reported strong correlations with the PRCA (r 0.84) and STAI (r 0.86) as well as good testÁretest reliability (r0.94). Free response scaling such as think aloud protocols (Booth-Butterfield & Booth-Butterfield, 1990;Daly, Vangelisti, Neel, & Cavanaugh, 1989;Daly et al, 1995), open-ended verbalization of speaking concerns (Daly, Vangelisti, Neel, et al, 1989), and speech recall (Daly, Vangelisti, & Lawrence, 1989) have also been used to map the specific positive and negative cognitions generated when preparing and presenting speeches. In addition, several self-report scales have been developed from this open ended research (e.g., Ayres, 1986; see Table 2).…”

Communication Apprehension, Interpretive Styles, Preparation, and Performance in Oral Briefing

“…Many itecas in self-report measures of CA, in fact, tap these sorts of judgments. Examples are "I think I make a poor impression when I speak at a small group meeting," and "I feel disappointed in myself after speaking in public" (Booth-Butterfield & Gould, 1986).…”

“…The CAI, developed by Booth-Butterfield and Gould (1986), is composed of two separate inventories, Form Itait and Form State. Form Trait consists of 21 self-report items yielding an overall score for trait CA and three context-specific CA scores-dyadic, small group, and public speaking.…”