The common enteric bacterial pathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among HIV-infected individuals attending the antiretroviral therapy clinic of Hawassa university hospital, southern Ethiopia

Abstract

BackgroundThe frequent occurrence of bacterial gastroenteritis among HIV-infected individuals together with increased antimicrobial drug resistance pose a significant public health challenge in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of enteric bacterial pathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among HIV-infected patients in a tertiary hospital in southern Ethiopia.MethodsA hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital from February to May, 2016. A consecutive 215 HIV-infected patients, with complaints of gastrointestinal tract disease, were enrolled. Data on socio-demography and related factors was collected using a structured questionnaire. A stool sample was collected from each study participant and cultured to isolate enteric bacterial pathogens; isolates were characterized using biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the Kirby- Bauer disk diffusion technique.ResultsOut of 215 patients, 27(12.6%) were culture positive for various bacterial pathogens. Campylobacter species was the most common bacterial isolate (6.04%), followed by Salmonella species (5.1%). The majority of isolates was sensitive to norfloxacin, nalidixic acid, gentamicin, ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin and showed resistance to trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (SXT) and chloramphenicol. Consumption of raw food was the only risk factor found to be significantly associated with enteric bacterial infection (crude odds ratio 3.41 95% CI 1.13–10.3).ConclusionsThe observed rate of enteric bacterial pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance pattern to the commonly prescribed antibiotics highlights the need to strengthen intervention efforts and promote rational use of antimicrobials. In this regard, the need to strengthen antimicrobial stewardship efforts should be emphasized to slow grown antimicrobial resistance among this population group.

<p>Nontyphoidal <em>Salmonella </em>bacteremia in antiretroviral therapy-na&iuml;ve HIV-infected individuals at three public hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia: prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and associated factors</p>

“…In the present study, HIV-infected individuals who had a CD4 + count <200 cells/µL was 3.6 times more likely found to be infected with NTS bacteria (AOR: 3.61, 95% CI: 1.74–5.25). This finding was in agreement with other studies conducted elsewhere,8,26,30 suggesting unfavorable immunological and virological responses contributed to increased risk of NTS bacteremia.…”

“…In the present study, a lack of hand washing habit before food preparation was found to increase the odds of acquiring NTS bacteremia (AOR:13.1, 95% CI: 10.40–15.30). This was inconsistent with the study conducted in Hawassa University Hospital, southern Ethiopia 30. Health education regarding personal hygiene, hand washing before and after food preparation, surveillance of NTS infection, and isolation of identifying cases are possible solutions for prevention and control of NTS bacteria 11…”

Trends in Carriage of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase and Carbapenemase Producing Enterobacteria Among HIV Infected Patients and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns in Western-Cameroon

“…The rate of Enterobacteriaceae isolates in the present study from stool sample of HIV infected individuals was shown to be 12.5%. Previous studies reported similar rates of; 12.6% in southwest Ethiopia [31], 12.5% in Cambodia [32] and 14.5% in Peru [33]. However, rates reported in Uganda (19.2%) [34], in India (29%) [35], in Southwest Ethiopia (Jimma) (16%) [36] and South Africa (43.3%) [37] were higher than our ndings.…”

Prevalence of Campylobacter species in human, animal and food of animal origin and their antimicrobial susceptibility in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…2 ). In this meta-analysis, the lowest prevalence was 6.1% [ 29 ] from stool sample of HIV infected individuals and highest prevalence was 72.7% from cloacal samples of chicken [ 11 ]. The Campylobacter species including C. jejuni, and C. coli (C. lari in few studies too) were reported at species level in 75% of the studies.…”