The Commercialization of Database Management Systems, 1969–1983

Bergin, Thomas J.; Haigh, Thomas

doi:10.1109/mahc.2009.107

Cited by 14 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…39 Indeed, hopes for a sustainability transition in energy or mobility depict the crisis of present-day fossil-fuel-based infrastructure as well as the ongoing financial crisis as windows of opportunity for radical change. 40 Next to this paradox of harm and hope, stakeholders may disagree completely about whether or not an infrastructure is vulnerable to begin with. To EU policy-makers the transnational blackouts of 2003 and 2006 suggested instant vulnerability and alarm.…”

Section: Ambivalent Vulnerabilitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Soviets conceivably could exacerbate European differences with the US over future economic sanctions against the USSR or even over more sensitive issues such as NATO force modernization. 40 Fearing political dependence of Western Europe on the communist world and a divergence in terms of loyalties, Washington launched a major campaign to prevent construction of the Yamal pipeline. However, the Americans failed to convince their European NATO partners, who perceived the project as a logical extension of the cooperation established already, and did not view the vulnerabilities as all that alarming.…”

Section: The Gas Industry Facing Political Turbulencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Uniting Europe's states in electrical interdependency, the scheme would provide unity, prosperity, and peace for a war-prone continent: "the integration of Europe by power lines is a better peace warranty than treaties on paper; because in destroying these power lines, each nation would destroy itself." 40 The plan is originally presented as the "Panropa project" to express support for the flourishing Pan-European movement. Its new 1932 name of "Atlantropa project" further denotes that Europe and Africa will be forged into a new continent able to withstand the rising powers of Asia and America.…”

Section: Nationalization and Internationalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is better therefore, to turn to the West and acquire the test reactor from there. 40 Most European countries had no choice but to accept an offer of nuclear cooperation from the United States or the Soviet Union. Those who received the offer from the United States were considered lucky, because US nuclear technology was regarded as safe, reliable, and efficient.…”

Section: Containing Criticalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Making of Europe’s Critical Infrastructure

Högselius

Hommels

Kaijser

et al. 2013

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Section: Ambivalent Vulnerabilitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Gas Industry Facing Political Turbulencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nationalization and Internationalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Containing Criticalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Making of Europe’s Critical Infrastructure

Högselius

Hommels

Kaijser

et al. 2013

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“…Shortly thereafter, initial products emerged that were specialized on this and called DBMS. 25 Some early examples were the IMS by IBM, IDS by General Electric, MARK IV by Informatics or IDMS, created by Goodrich and sold by Cullinane since 1973, which became in the late 1970s the most installed system worldwide. At the same time, the market for FMS, DBMS and a few other tools for supporting programming created an initial, yet very limited market for software products.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Path Creation in the Software Industry—The Case of Software AG

Leimbach

2017

IEEE Annals Hist. Comput.

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Keywords: software industry, computer industry, computing millieux, history of computing,Nowadays it seems natural that young software and IT startups can become international players within a few years of existence, but this was different in the early years of the software industry.Normally new founded companies operated in their home markets and it took considerable time before they started to internationalize. But as stated by Martin Campbell-Kelly in his history of the software industry, there was one exception from this pattern. Already in the 1970s there was one German software company, which had considerable success as an independent software product company in the United States. 1 The company, called Software AG, was located in Darmstadt, in the middle of Western Germany. The early success of the company continued as the company was in 1985 listed at position 13 among the 15 leading independent software product companies in the US.Already in 1981 they were listed as number one of the independent European software product companies. And in 1989, the year where the company celebrated its 20 th anniversary, the company was by far the biggest software company in Germany with sales significantly higher as SAP AG, the second biggest company at that time. 2 But only a few years later the situation had changed.While SAP became a world leading software product company, the growth of Software AG stagnated and the management had to deal with severe issues. Altogether, this development raises several questions: How was it possible that the company entered the American market so early?Why did they succeed in this market? How did this success affect the development of the company in the future? Why does the growth stagnate in the early 1990s?2 To answer these questions the article will use the concept of path creation developed by Garud et al.in the last decade. 3 It refers to the concept of path dependency, which is well known in the history of technology and business. It was initially developed through the seminal works of Arthur and David and describes how previous decisions influence further decision and thereby leads to a stable path of development, the so-called path dependency. One important aspect of it is that a stable path can lead to "lock-in" effects, which makes it nearly impossible to leave it. 4 Normally, it is understood as a process with different phases, where the passage from phase to phase is triggered by different kind of events and the overall process is according to Arthur driven by self-reinforcing mechanisms such as the principle of increasing return and positive feedback. Most notably is the assumption that once a "lock in" is reached, it can be only broken up by exogenous shocks. 5 The concept was taken up in several other areas such as organizational studies, economics or political sciences. 6 Accordingly, the concept experienced several expansions and interpretations and Beyer for example identifies at least seven self re-enforcing mechanisms used such as increasing returns, sequences,...

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Calculating Devices and Computers

Jones¹

2016

A Companion to the History of Science

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Focusing upon computation, storage, and infrastructures for data from the early modern European period forward, this chapter stresses that the constraints of computing technologies, as well as their possibilities, are essential for the path of computational sciences. Mathematical tables and simple contrivances aided calculation well into the middle of the twentieth century. Digital machines replaced them slowly: adopting electronic digital computers for scientific work demanded creative responses to the limits of technologies of computation, storage, and communication. Transforming the evidence of existing scientific domains into data computable and storable in electronic form challenged ontology and practice alike. The ideational history of computing should pay close attention to its materiality and social forms, and the materialist history of computing must pay attention to its algorithmic ingenuity in the face of material constraints.

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The Commercialization of Database Management Systems, 1969–1983

Cited by 14 publications

References 9 publications

The Making of Europe’s Critical Infrastructure

The Making of Europe’s Critical Infrastructure

Path Creation in the Software Industry—The Case of Software AG

Calculating Devices and Computers

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