The commercialisation decisions of research-based spin-off: Targeting the market for technologies

The Imprinting of Founders’ Human Capital on Entrepreneurial Venture Growth: Evidence from New Technology-Based Firms

“…Roberts, Klepper, & Hayward, 2011), growth and professionalization (Colombo & Grilli, 2005, 2013, alliance network evolution (e.g. Milanov & Fernhaber, 2009), and commercialization strategies (Conceição, Fontes, & Calapez, 2012), there are no studies which explicitly test the imprinting effect exerted by founders' human capital on entrepreneurial venture performance. Understanding the nature and size of this effect will aid in developing our understanding of the dynamics of entrepreneurship and the determinants of entrepreneurial venture performance.…”

The commercialisation of emerging energy technologies: the strategic alliances of high-technology entrepreneurial firms

“…These firms tend to target fields or industries that base their competitiveness on the quick paced production and exploitation of advanced knowledge (Conceição et al, 2012). Therefore, new RET -in particular those that are still experiencing fast technological change -can offer good opportunities for their emergence.…”

“…But the types of relationships established and the actual positioning of the start-up relatively to incumbents will depend on a variety of factors. These include: the nature of the technology being developed, its distance from the incumbents knowledge base and its pertinence to the incumbents' competitiveness; the start-up capacity to protect the technology from appropriation; the actual relevance of the complementary assets possessed by the incumbents to the start-up, as well as start-up decisions on the position it wishes to occupy in the value chain (Teece, 1986: Conceição et al, 2012Gans and Stern, 2003;Aggarwal and Hsu, 2009;Arora et al, 2001). …”

“…Thus, the capacity to protect the technology is critical for start-ups whose competitiveness is based on the technology being introduced (Conceição et al, 2012). Formal appropriation mechanisms like patents are often the only effective means of protection for small firms, being particularly important for small technology suppliers (Arora and Merges, 2004).…”

Entry by research-based spin-offs: the determinants of regional variation

“…entrepreneurial orientation/climate that support commercialization activity, namely technology transfer infrastructure, e.g. TTO and incubators (Lockett and Wright, 2005;O´Shea et al, 2005;Powers and McDougall, 2005); (4) the nature and type of technology, namely their pervasiveness, novelty and intellectual property protection (Conceição et al, 2012;Gilsing et al, 2010;Shane, 2001);and (5) the external characteristics, i.e. the regional infrastructures that impact on spin-off activity, such as venture capital availability, knowledge infrastructures and industry structure (Audretsch et al, 2005;Stam, 2010;Woodward et al, 2006).…”