The combined presence of hypertension and vitamin D deficiency increased the probability of the occurrence of small vessel disease in China

Abstract

Background The exact relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D] levels and small vessel disease (SVD) are not clear in China. The aim of this study was to determine such the association between 25(OH) D and SVD in China. Methods We retrospectively enrolled 106 patients with SVD and 115 controls between Jan 2017 and Dec 2017. All the subjects were categorized into three subgroups according to the level of 25 (OH) D: vitamin D deficiency (< 12 ng/ml), insufficiency (12–20 ng/ml) and sufficiency (> 20 ng/ml). Results Among 106 SVD patients, 80 (75.5%) were men and the mean age was 61.6 ± 13.2 years. The deficiency of 25(OH) D was observed in 76 (71.7%) of SVD patients and 47 (40.9%) of controls ( P = 0.001). Compared with controls, patients with SVD were more likely to be male, a stroke history, smokers, with hyperlipidemia, higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein, and lower of 25(OH)D level ( P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed the level of 25 (OH) D as an independent predictor of SVD ( OR 0.772, 95% CI 0.691–0.862, P = 0.001). Compared with the sufficient 25 (OH) D group, the ORs of SVD in deficient and insufficient 25(OH)D group were 5.609 (95% CI 2.006–15.683) and 1.077 (95% CI : 0.338–3.428) after adjusting for potential confounders, respectively. In hypertensives with vitamin D deficient and insufficient group compared with sufficient group, the ORs of SVD increased to 9.738 (95% CI 2.398–39.540) and 1.108 (95% CI 0.232–5.280), respectively ( P interaction = 0.001). Conclusion We found significant associations between SVD and 25(OH)D deficiency. The combined presence of hypertension and vitamin D deficiency increased the probability of developing SVD. Our findings will warrant further prospective studies in the future.

Vitamin D Deficiency Induces Elevated Oxidative and Biomechanical Damage in Coronary Arterioles in Male Rats

“…Otherwise, short-period intraperitoneal injection of 150.000-200.000 IU/kg [44] and 700.000 IU/kg [45] vitamin D with intragastric administration of high-lipid emulsion within approximately 3 months was used to model atherosclerosis in rats. In humans, coexistence of hypertension and vitamin D deficiency enhanced the probability of developing small vessel disease; moreover, patients with this disease were more likely to be male with higher blood pressure and lower 25(OH)D level [46]. Typical hypertensive alterations have not been developed yet during our treatment.…”

Role of Vitamin D in Risk Reduction of COVID-19: A Narrative Review

“…The authors also found combined presence of hypertension and vitamin D deficiency increased the probability of developing SVD. 24 A cross-sectional study on 57 patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease and 62 age-and sex-matched controls elucidated that low levels of 25 (OH) D are associated with prevalent coronary artery disease independent of cardiovascular risk factors. 25 Previous studies have shown the link between vitamin D deficiency and chronic illnesses like diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, cancer, immune system diseases, etc.…”

Risk Factors of Vitamin D Deficiency in Chinese Ischemic Stroke Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…A report showed that insufficient levels of vitamin D increases the risk of stroke ( Zhou R. et al, 2018 ) while some reports showed no effect of low levels vitamin D as a risk factor of stroke ( Perna et al, 2013 ; Skaaby et al, 2014 ). Nonetheless, it has been reported that 78% of patients with ischemic stroke have vitamin D deficiency in China ( Si et al, 2019 ). Due to the inconsistent reports, we aimed to assess the association of vitamin D deficiency with ischemic stroke in a Chinese population (Han race).…”