The combined mode of action of fipronil and amitraz on the motility of Rhipicephalus sanguineus

Prullage, Joseph B.; Tran, Hai V.; Timmons, Phil; Harriman, Jay F.; Chester, S. Theodore; Powell, Kerrie

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.03.041

Cited by 17 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The addition of amitraz also provided a significant improvement in the speed of kill. The synergy of fipronil by amitraz has been investigated further in a motility assay (Prullage et al 2010b, accepted for publication). In the motility assay there was an initial increase in activity of ticks exposed to fipronil and amitraz followed by a reduction in movement that was significantly greater than in ticks exposed to either active component alone.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergy between fipronil and amitraz in a Rhipicephalus sanguineus tick residual contact test

Prullage¹,

Cawthorne

Fallois

et al. 2011

Exp Appl Acarol

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Amitraz, a formamidine acaricide, has been reported to act as a synergist of contact insecticides and acaricides in both agriculture and animal health. A laboratory contact test was therefore conducted to determine whether amitraz at 12.5 ppm could improve the contact potency of fipronil on ticks. A controlled glass vial bioassay was used to assess the efficacy of fipronil alone, amitraz alone, and fipronil plus amitraz on unfed adult Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Assessments of lethality were made at 6, 24, and 48 h after the introduction of the ticks to the vials. No significant mortality was observed in the control treatment or in the amitraz alone treatment. Concentration and time dependent mortality rates were observed in ticks exposed to fipronil alone or fipronil plus amitraz, with higher mortality observed in the latter group. Results from this study gave synergistic EC50 ratios between fipronil alone and fipronil plus amitraz of >7.3, 137 and 97 at 6, 24, and 48 h, respectively. A similar response was seen at the EC90 level. These results indicate that fipronil was synergized by amitraz in this adult tick residual contact study. The addition of amitraz to fipronil also provided a significant improvement in the speed of kill.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergy between fipronil and amitraz in a Rhipicephalus sanguineus tick residual contact test

Prullage¹,

Cawthorne

Fallois

et al. 2011

Exp Appl Acarol

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“…One example is the synthetic pesticide ingredient amitraz. This insecticide is an acaracide and an octopamine receptor agonist of the nervous system of invertebrates [135]. In the United States, it has been most commonly used to control ticks and fleas on dogs, mites on cotton, and insect pests on pear trees [136].…”

Section: Neurobiology Of Hemolymph-based Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Common Virulence Factors and Tissue Targets of Entomopathogenic Bacteria for Biological Control of Lepidopteran Pests

Castagnola

Stock

2014

Insects

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This review focuses on common insecticidal virulence factors from entomopathogenic bacteria with special emphasis on two insect pathogenic bacteria Photorhabdus (Proteobacteria: Enterobacteriaceae) and Bacillus (Firmicutes: Bacillaceae). Insect pathogenic bacteria of diverse taxonomic groups and phylogenetic origin have been shown to have striking similarities in the virulence factors they produce. It has been suggested that the detection of phage elements surrounding toxin genes, horizontal and lateral gene transfer events, and plasmid shuffling occurrences may be some of the reasons that virulence factor genes have so many analogs throughout the bacterial kingdom. Comparison of virulence factors of Photorhabdus, and Bacillus, two bacteria with dissimilar life styles opens the possibility of re-examining newly discovered toxins for novel tissue targets. For example, nematodes residing in the hemolymph may release bacteria with virulence factors targeting neurons or neuromuscular junctions. The first section of this review focuses on toxins and their context in agriculture. The second describes the mode of action of toxins from common entomopathogens and the third draws comparisons between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The fourth section reviews the implications of the nervous system in biocontrol.

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“…Certifect (Merial, Duluth, GA, USA) is a novel topical flea and tick preventative containing fipronil, amitraz and S ‐methoprene . Published studies preceding its release in 2011 reported high efficacy and no clinically relevant systemic or cutaneous ADR .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[17][18][19] Certifect (Merial, Duluth, GA, USA) is a novel topical flea and tick preventative containing fipronil, amitraz and S-methoprene. 20 Published studies preceding its release in 2011 reported high efficacy and no clinically relevant systemic or cutaneous ADR. [21][22][23][24] However, shortly after the product was launched, the authors became aware of reports of possible PF-like drug reactions, similar to Promeris-triggered PF (PTPF).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fipronil–amitraz–S‐methoprene‐triggered pemphigus foliaceus in 21 dogs: clinical, histological and immunological characteristics

Bizikova

Linder

Olivry

2014

Veterinary Dermatology

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The combined mode of action of fipronil and amitraz on the motility of Rhipicephalus sanguineus

Cited by 17 publications

References 20 publications

Synergy between fipronil and amitraz in a Rhipicephalus sanguineus tick residual contact test

Synergy between fipronil and amitraz in a Rhipicephalus sanguineus tick residual contact test

Common Virulence Factors and Tissue Targets of Entomopathogenic Bacteria for Biological Control of Lepidopteran Pests

Fipronil–amitraz–S‐methoprene‐triggered pemphigus foliaceus in 21 dogs: clinical, histological and immunological characteristics

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