The combined effects of alcohol and cannabis on driving: Impact on crash risk

Dubois, Sacha; Mullen, Nadia; Weaver, Bruce; Bédard, Michel

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.12.018

Cited by 107 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Second, the high prevalence of both DWI and DD—even seven years after college matriculation, and even with the likely underreporting due to social desirability and/or subjectively underestimating their level of intoxication—highlight the urgency of identifying effective intervention strategies to reduce AOD-involved driving among college-educated young adults. Third, the present findings echo other researchers’ recent calls for more research on the effects of poly-substance use on driving (Dubois et al, 2015). Given that heavy drinkers tend to engage in other substance use, both simultaneously and concurrently (Haas et al, 2015; Midanik et al, 2007; O’Grady et al, 2008), researchers should examine AOD-involved driving comprehensively.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Considerable epidemiologic and experimental evidence suggests that marijuana use impairs driving performance (Lenne et al, 2010; Menetrey et al, 2005; Papafotiou et al, 2005; Ramaekers et al, 2006; Ronen et al, 2008; Sewell et al, 2009) and increases crash risk (Asbridge et al, 2012; Dubois et al, 2015; Hall, 2009; Laberge and Ward, 2004). In one large study of fatally injured drivers, the presence of any detectable THC was associated with more than a two-fold increase in the odds of culpability for a fatal crash, even after accounting for blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and other substances (Drummer et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Continuity of drunk and drugged driving behaviors four years post-college

Caldeira

Arria

Allen

et al. 2017

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background Driving under the influence of alcohol is a leading cause of injury and premature death among young adults, and college-educated individuals are at particularly high risk. Less is known about driving under the influence of other drugs, which is on the rise. Method This study describes prospective seven-year trends in alcohol and other drug (AOD)-involved driving among a young-adult sample beginning with their second year of college (i.e., Years 2–8), and documents the extent of continuity in such behaviors across time. Originally recruited as incoming first-year students at one large public university, participants (n=1,194) were interviewed annually about how frequently they drove while drunk/intoxicated (DWI), after drinking any alcohol (DAD), and/or while under the influence of other drugs (DD). Follow-up rates were high (>75% annually). Results Among participants with access to drive a car, annual prevalence peaked in Year 4 (modal age 21) for both DWI (24.3%wt) and DD (19.1%wt) and declined significantly thereafter through Year 8 (both ps<.05). DAD was far more prevalent than DWI or DD, increasing from 40.5%wt in Year 2 to 66.9%wt in Year 5, and plateauing thereafter. Among marijuana-using participants, likelihood of DD was consistently greater than the likelihood of DWI among Heavy Episodic and Light-to-Moderate drinkers, and it declined significantly during Years 5–8 (p<.05). Conclusion Post-college declines in heavy drinking and DWI prevalence were encouraging but did not necessarily translate to reductions in likelihood of engaging in DWI, depending on drinking pattern. College-educated individuals represent an important target for AOD-involved driving prevention.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuity of drunk and drugged driving behaviors four years post-college

Caldeira

Arria

Allen

et al. 2017

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) is a serious public safety concern in the United States and around the world (Brady & Li 2013; Romano & Voas 2011; Kaplan et al 2006; Berning et al 2015; Hartman & Huestis 2013; Walsh et al 2005; Dubois et al 2015). About one third of fatally injured drivers in the United States tested positive for nonalcohol drugs and 20% tested positive for two or more drugs (Brady & Li 2013; Romano & Voas 2011; Kaplan et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prevalence of non-alcohol drugs in weekend nighttime drivers is about 20% (Berning et al 2015). Marijuana is the most frequently detected nonalcohol drug and the concurrent use of marijuana and alcohol is the most frequently detected poly-drug combination in the general driver population (Berning et al 2015) and in fatally injured drivers (Walsh et al 2005; Dubois et al 2015; Li et al 2013). Over the past decade, traffic fatalities involving nonalcohol drugs have increased markedly while fatalities involving alcohol have remained fairly stable (Brady & Li 2013; Li et al 2013; Brady & Li 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction of marijuana and alcohol on fatal motor vehicle crash risk: a case–control study

Chihuri

Chen

2017

Inj. Epidemiol.

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BackgroundConcurrent use of marijuana and alcohol in drivers is of increasing concern but its role in crash causation has not been well understood.Methods Using a case–control design, we assessed the individual and joint effects of marijuana and alcohol use on fatal crash risk. Cases (n = 1944) were drivers fatally injured in motor vehicle crashes in the United States at specific times in 2006, 2007 and 2008. Controls (n = 7719) were drivers who participated in the 2007 National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers.ResultsOverall, cases were significantly more likely than controls to test positive for marijuana (12.2% vs. 5.9%, p < 0.0001), alcohol (57.8% vs. 7.7%, p < 0.0001) and both marijuana and alcohol (8.9% vs. 0.8%, p < 0.0001). Compared to drivers testing negative for alcohol and marijuana, the adjusted odds ratios of fatal crash involvement were 16.33 [95% confidence interval (CI): 14.23, 18.75] for those testing positive for alcohol and negative for marijuana, 1.54 (95% CI: 1.16, 2.03) for those testing positive for marijuana and negative for alcohol, and 25.09 (95% CI: 17.97, 35.03) for those testing positive for both alcohol and marijuana.ConclusionsAlcohol use and marijuana use are each associated with significantly increased risks of fatal crash involvement. When alcohol and marijuana are used together, there exists a positive synergistic effect on fatal crash risk on the additive scale.

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“…However, Cannabis and its derivatives are controlled substances (Schedule II of Italian legislation on drugs of abuse), and their use when driving motor vehicles is prohibited. The effects of Δ 9 -THC on the ability of drivers have been determined in surveys of cannabis users involved in traffic accidents and in experimental studies aimed at measuring the drugmins influence on driving related skills [6][7][8][9]. Δ 9 -THC has been shown to impair cognition, psychomotor function, and actual driving performance in a dose related manner.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%