The combined effect of tobacco and alcohol consumption on the level of lead and cadmium in blood

Grasmick, C.; Huel, Guy; Moreau, Thierry; Sarmini, H.

doi:10.1016/0048-9697(85)90142-1

Cited by 53 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In agreement with the findings of other studies (Watanabe et al, 1983;Ewers et al, 1985;Grasmick et al, 1985;Hahn et al, 1987;Pocock et al, 1988;Staessen et al, 1990;Ducoffre et al, 1992;Sartor et al, 1992;Alessio, 1993;Hovinga et al, 1993;Benedetti et al, 1994 ) , the results of the statistical analysis of the GerES data demonstrate that active cigarette smoking is the main determinant of blood and urine cadmium concentration in adults.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

The German Environmental Survey 1990/1992 (GerES II): cadmium in blood, urine and hair of adults and children

Hoffmann

Becker

Friedrich

et al. 2000

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

The German Environmental Survey 1990/1992 (GerES II): cadmium in blood, urine and hair of adults and children

Hoffmann

Becker

Friedrich

et al. 2000

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…Lead in tobacco is most likely derived from contamination with lead arsenate pesticides (16). Although an association of smoking with elevated blood lead levels has not always been observed (17), our data are consistent with those reported in a study of middle-aged to elderly men by Hu et al (18), who noted a significant association between pack-years of smoking and KXRFmeasured bone lead. Because 60% of adolescents in this study reported at least one smoking parent, tobacco may be a very prevalent source of lead accumulation in children.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 83%

Determinants of Bone and Blood Lead Levels among Teenagers Living in Urban Areas with High Lead Exposure

Farías¹,

Hu²,

Rubenstein³

et al. 1998

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Although lead has been extensively studied in children, its sources and effecs remain undear in adolescents. This study examined the relation ofblood and tibia bone lead levels to lead determinant. One hundred adolescents living in Mexico City and surrounding suburbs were studied.Blood lead was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy, and tibia lead was measured by a K X-ray Fluorescence (KXRF) instrument. Blood lead ranged from 1.8 to 29.2 pgldl, with a mean of 7.4 p/dl. Bone lead ranged from ci to 44.82 pg Pblg bone mineral, with a mean of 4.8 pg Pb/g. Predictors of bone lead included higher traffic density near the home, mother's smoking history, and ie spent outdoon. Predicton of log-transformed blood lead indclded bone lead levels, male sex, use of lead-glazed ceramics, and living in Mexico City. Bone lead remained a significant predictor of blood lead after adjusting for covariates in a final multivariate regresion model. In our final model, a rise in bone lead from the middle ofthe lowest quintile to the middle of the highest quintile (a difference of 21.6. pg Pb/g) was associated with an increase in blood lead of 1.2 pldl. Our data suggest that in addition to current sources of environmental lead exposure, bone lead accumulated over time constitutes a moderate source ofcirculating lead during adolescence and may account for some of the adverse health effes documented in recent studies. Key work bone lead, blood lead, K X-ray fluorescence, teenagers. Environ Health Perpet 106: 733-737 (1998). [Online 19 October 1998] http://ehpneal.nies.nih.gv/docs/1998/106p733-737farias/abstchsml Lead remains one of Mexico City's primary environmental pollutants despite increasing use of unleaded gasoline and recent regulations governing paint containing lead, leadsoldered cans, and lead-glazed ceramics (1). This is of concern because health effects related to lead are being documented at ever lower levels. Indeed, no threshold has been identified below which lead exposure can be considered safe (2,3).Much investigation has focused on the effects of lead in children, but adolescents have been largely understudied. Because behavior patterns change with age, sources of lead exposure may vary in populations of different age distributions (1). Maternal lead levels transferred to the fetus via the placenta or to the breast-fed infant via breast milk and environmental exposures via hand-mouth behavior are responsible for the high exposure levels observed during early development. Subsequently, exposure from ambient lead diminishes and internal sources (mostly bone lead) may become more important as a chronic source of endogenous lead.Adolescence is a uniquely important period in relation to lead effects because physical growth is at a rapid and final stage and therefore vulnerable to lead action (4). In addition, growth-induced bone turnover may also release lead stored in bone, thereby increasing the amount of lead dose and toxicity elsewhere in the body. Lead toxicity may worsen school performance during these years (2...

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“…Smoking did not contribute to BPb levels, even though it has been associ- Articles -Blood lead and pregnancy in Mexico Cit ated with BPb in other studies (13,17). This is probably due to the small percentage of smokers and the low amounts they smoked during prenancy.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 76%

Blood lead levels in pregnant women of high and low socioeconomic status in Mexico City.

Farías

Borja-Aburto

Rı́os

et al. 1996

Environ Health Perspect

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This study examined the determinants of blood lead (BPb) in 513 pregnant women in Mexico City: 311 from public hospital prenatal clinics, representing primarily women of low socioeconomic status (SES), and 202 from private hospitals, primarily women of high SES. Overall, BPb levels ranged from 1.38 to 29 micrograms/dl, with geometric means of 6.7 and 11.12 micrograms/dl for women from private and public hospitals, respectively. The crude geometric means difference obtained by t-test was 4.42 (p < 0.001). BPb was measured from January 1994 to August 1995 and showed higher levels during fall and winter and lower levels during spring and summer. The main BPb determinants were the use of lead-glazed ceramics in women from public hospitals and season of the year in women from private hospitals. Consumption of tortillas (corn bread rich in calcium) decreased BPb levels in the lower SES group, but the relationship was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Consumption of milk products significantly (p < 0.05) reduced BPb levels in the higher SES group. In 112 women whose diets were deficient in calcium, taking calcium supplements lowered their blood lead levels about 7 micrograms/dl. A predictive model fitted to these data, using the strongest predictors plus gestational age, showed a difference of 14 micrograms/dl between the best and worst scenarios in women from public hospitals. Avoiding use of lead-glazed ceramics, consuming diets rich in calcium, and, if needed, taking calcium supplements, would be expected to result in substantial lowering of BPb, especially in pregnant women of low socioeconomic status. Images Figure 1. Figure 2.

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The combined effect of tobacco and alcohol consumption on the level of lead and cadmium in blood

Cited by 53 publications

References 19 publications

The German Environmental Survey 1990/1992 (GerES II): cadmium in blood, urine and hair of adults and children

The German Environmental Survey 1990/1992 (GerES II): cadmium in blood, urine and hair of adults and children

Determinants of Bone and Blood Lead Levels among Teenagers Living in Urban Areas with High Lead Exposure

Blood lead levels in pregnant women of high and low socioeconomic status in Mexico City.

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