The combined effect of fish oil containing Omega‐3 fatty acids and Lactobacillus plantarum on colorectal cancer

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the deadliest malignancies. Recent attempts have indicated the role of diet in the etiology of CRC. Natural dietary compounds such as probiotics and Omega‐3 fatty acids that act synergistically can be beneficial in finding a tremendous solution against CRC. To date, the combined effect of fish oil containing Omega‐3 fatty acids (Omega‐3) and Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) on CRC has been left behind. We here evaluated the effects of co‐encapsulation of Omega‐3 and probiotic bacteria on CRC cell lines compared to normal cells. Omega‐3 and L. plantarum bacteria were co‐encapsulated in three ways, including gelatin–gum Arabic, gelatin–chitosan, and chitosan–gum Arabic complex coacervate microcapsules. After treatment of cells (Normal [L929] and colorectal [C26]) by L. plantarum, Omega‐3, and microcapsules, viability and growth capacity of cell lines were measured using the MTT (3‐[4, 5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2, 5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Isolated total RNA was used to evaluate the expression profile of BCL2‐associated X protein (BAX), B‐cell lymphoma 2 (BCL‐2), and Caspase‐3 (CASP3) genes by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 25 software. A value of p < .05 was considered statistically significant. The results indicated a significant reduction in cell viability of C26 in a concentration‐dependent manner in the treated cells with all treatments, except gelatin–gum Arabic microcapsules. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression level of the BAX and CASP3 genes in C26 cells being treated with all treatments significantly increased than in untreated cells, and the expression level of the anti‐apoptotic factor of the BCL‐2 gene decreased in C26 cells simultaneously (p < .05). Although, the combined effect of Omega‐3 and L. plantarum and microcapsulated treatments had no more effect on viability and apoptosis gene expression of cancer cells compared to Omega‐3 or L. plantarum. In conclusion, combination therapy with fish oil containing Omega‐3 and L. plantarum does not improve the anticancer effect of each alone.

Investigating the Antagonistic Effect of Indigenous Probiotics on Carbapenem‐Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains

“…The results showed that P1 and P2 were resistant only to vancomycin and teicoplanin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline and sensitive to the others. Since probiotics and antibiotics are used simultaneously in the treatment of some infectious diseases, if the probiotics are not resistant, it is the first organism that is destroyed [ 30 ]. Lactobacilli, the main bacteria used as probiotics, therefore possess intrinsic resistance to some antibiotics, making them suitable for coadministration with antibiotics.…”

“…Subsequently, the culture medium in the wells was aspirated, and 50 μ L of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) from Merck, Germany, was added to dissolve the formazan crystals. The results were measured by recording the absorbance at 540 nm using a microplate reader (BioTek Instruments, Inc., Vermont, USA) [ 30 , 31 ].…”

Fermented Milk Produced with Goat Milk Enriched with PUFA Omega-3 by Supplementation of Diet with Extruded Linseed

“…While in the present study, the C18:2n6 was natively present in milk, in the other studies it was directly added to the milk. The combined effect of Omega-3 and L. plantarum on the viability and apoptosis gene expression of cancer cells has been recently tested [22] in fermented milk.…”

“…The coadministration of probiotics with Omega-3 reduced liver fat, improved serum lipids and metabolic profile, and reduced the chronic systemic inflammatory state in type-2 diabetic patients [20,21]. The combined effect of Omega-3 and L. plantarum has been recently tested on the viability and apoptosis gene expression of cancer cells [22]. These studies have highlighted the role of fatty acids in influencing and regulating the growth of microorganisms.…”

Effect of cold atmospheric plasma on changing of biomolecular structures involved in apoptosis pathways of melanoma cancer

“…GAPDH (housekeeping gene) expression level was used for normalization. Finally, the average of Double Ct values ​​was assayed to determine relative expression levels of BAX, BCL‐2, and Caspase‐3 (CASP‐3) apoptosis genes that were calculated using the comparative Ct method 16 …”