The combined control of locomotion and prehension

Carnahan, Heather; McFadyen, Bradford J.; Cockell, Dawn L.; Halverson, Andrea H.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6769(199609)19:2<91::aid-nrc168>3.0.co;2-x

Cited by 30 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Lifting an object while standing can be done more easily while standing on the foot ipsilateral to the lifting hand than while standing on the foot contralateral to the lifting hand (Carnahan, McFadyen, Cockell, & Halverson, 1996). When one walks, one's hands and feet normally move in a contralateral (anti-phase) rather than ipsilateral (in-phase) fashion.…”

Section: Experiments 5 Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre-Crastination

2014

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In this article, we describe a phenomenon we discovered while conducting experiments on walking and reaching. We asked university students to pick up either of two buckets, one to the left of an alley and one to the right, and to carry the selected bucket to the alley's end. In most trials, one of the buckets was closer to the end point. We emphasized choosing the easier task, expecting participants to prefer the bucket that would be carried a shorter distance. Contrary to our expectation, participants chose the bucket that was closer to the start position, carrying it farther than the other bucket. On the basis of results from nine experiments and participants' reports, we concluded that this seemingly irrational choice reflected a tendency to pre-crastinate, a term we introduce to refer to the hastening of subgoal completion, even at the expense of extra physical effort. Other tasks also reveal this preference, which we ascribe to the desire to reduce working memory loads.

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Section: Experiments 5 Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre-Crastination

2014

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“…An interesting problem presents when grasping takes place simultaneously with locomotion, requiring the coordination of these two modes of control [ 14 , 76 – 78 ]. More specifically, the effect of constraint of the joints of the upper limb was studied to shed light on the mechanisms of stabilization of manually held objects during walking through impedance adjustments [ 14 ].…”

Section: Concept Of Mechanical Impedancementioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Impedance and Its Relations to Motor Control, Limb Dynamics, and Motion Biomechanics

Mizrahi

2015

J. Med. Biol. Eng.

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The concept of mechanical impedance represents the interactive relationship between deformation kinematics and the resulting dynamics in human joints or limbs. A major component of impedance, stiffness, is defined as the ratio between the force change to the displacement change and is strongly related to muscle activation. The set of impedance components, including effective mass, inertia, damping, and stiffness, is important in determining the performance of the many tasks assigned to the limbs and in counteracting undesired effects of applied loads and disturbances. Specifically for the upper limb, impedance enables controlling manual tasks and reaching motions. In the lower limb, impedance is responsible for the transmission and attenuation of impact forces in tasks of repulsive loadings. This review presents an updated account of the works on mechanical impedance and its relations with motor control, limb dynamics, and motion biomechanics. Basic questions related to the linearity and nonlinearity of impedance and to the factors that affect mechanical impedance are treated with relevance to upper and lower limb functions, joint performance, trunk stability, and seating under dynamic conditions. Methods for the derivation of mechanical impedance, both those for within the system and material–structural approaches, are reviewed. For system approaches, special attention is given to methods aimed at revealing the correct and sufficient degree of nonlinearity of impedance. This is particularly relevant in the design of spring-based artificial legs and robotic arms. Finally, due to the intricate relation between impedance and muscle activity, methods for the explicit expression of impedance of contractile tissue are reviewed.

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“…The combined task of walking and reaching-to-grasping (i.e., prehension) an object has been studied in young adults. [52][53][54][55][56] An important aspect of these studies is that walking and prehension are mutually modified to accommodate the execution of the manual task. In older adults, Delbaere and colleagues 57 observed that older adults often avoid performing the combined task of reaching for an object while walking.…”

Section: Upper Limb Control In Faller and Non-faller Older Adultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Falls and motor behavior in older adults

Moraes¹,

Batistela

Santos

et al. 2021

BJMB

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This mini-review focuses on intrinsic risk factors for falls, particularly the changes in motor behavior of faller older adults. Our purpose is to present evidence that faller older adults exhibit motor behavior changes beyond the typically investigated standing and walking tasks. We showed initially that postural control alterations with more prominent differences for fallers than non-fallers seem to depend on postural demands, availability of sensory information, and tasks performed concomitantly with the balancing task. We also provided evidence that walking speed is the most consistent aspect to differentiate fallers from non-fallers. This reduction in walking speed may be a strategy to improve gait stability to avoid a fall. More recent studies have shown that fallers presented modifications in the control of the prehension movement. These changes suggest that fallers have changes in movement categories other than balancing and walking, suggesting that fallers’ difficulties are broader than previously thought. The fact that faller older adults have modifications in the control of upper and lower limbs is indicative of a change in motor behavior involving gross and fine motor behaviors. The understanding of a faller as an individual with global changes in motor behavior has important implications for fall prevention and rehabilitation programs for these individuals.

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The combined control of locomotion and prehension

Cited by 30 publications

References 13 publications

Pre-Crastination

Pre-Crastination

Mechanical Impedance and Its Relations to Motor Control, Limb Dynamics, and Motion Biomechanics

Falls and motor behavior in older adults

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