The Combination of Indoor Residual Spraying and Insecticide-Treated Nets Provides Added Protection against Malaria Compared with Insecticide-Treated Nets Alone

Hamel, Mary J.; Otieno, Peter; Bayoh, Nabie; Kariuki, Simon; Were, Vincent; Marwanga, Doris; Laserson, Kayla F.; Williamson, John; Slutsker, Laurence; Gimnig, John E.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0684

Cited by 90 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…[26][27][28] One of the only prospective cohort studies to assess this combination found that, compared with ITNs alone, ITNs combined with IRS had a protective efficacy of 62% against incidence of P. falciparum parasitemia in western Kenya. 29 A recent study in Ethiopia using cross-sectional surveys found that IRS with DDT combined with ITNs was associated with significantly lower vector density and parasite prevalence compared with ITNs alone. 30 Although previous studies and the results of the current study point to the benefits of IRS over ITNs, it should be noted that bed net ownership and use were relatively high in these settings: for example, in our study, one-half of the children under 5 years slept under an ITN the previous night in the control district, and bed net usage in the IRS districts was even higher.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Indoor Residual Spraying on Malaria and Anemia in a High-Transmission Area of Northern Uganda

Steinhardt¹,

Yeka²,

Nasr³

et al. 2013

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) with insecticide is now recommended for malaria control in high-transmission settings. However, concerns about insecticide resistance have increased. We conducted a cross-sectional household survey in high-transmission northern Uganda in two districts previously sprayed with pyrethroids before documentation of pyrethroid resistance and at least one round of carbamates and in one contiguous district that was not sprayed. Parasitemia prevalence among children 5 years of age was lower in the two IRS districts compared with the nonsprayed district: 37.0% and 16.7% versus 49.8%, P 0.001. Anemia prevalence was also significantly lower in the two IRS districts: 38.8% and 36.8% versus 53.0%, P 0.001. Multivariable Poisson regression models indicated that a child living in a sprayed district had a 46% and 32% lower risk of parasitemia and anemia, respectively, than a child in a non-sprayed district (P 0.001). Carefully managed IRS can significantly reduce malaria burden in high-transmission settings.BACKGROUND

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Indoor Residual Spraying on Malaria and Anemia in a High-Transmission Area of Northern Uganda

Steinhardt¹,

Yeka²,

Nasr³

et al. 2013

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…be reduced by adjusting for pre-intervention differences in the two groups using multivariate analysis (e.g., [26]). There is, however, no guarantee that this will fully control for confounders that may be unknown or unmeasured.…”

Section: General Considerations On Study Designs For Vector Control Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence-based vector control? Improving the quality of vector control trials

Wilson

Boelaert

Kleinschmidt

et al. 2015

Trends in Parasitology

124

151

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Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) such as malaria, dengue, and leishmaniasis cause a high level of morbidity and mortality. Although vector control tools can play a major role in controlling and eliminating these diseases, in many cases the evidence base for assessing the efficacy of vector control interventions is limited or not available. Studies assessing the efficacy of vector control interventions are often poorly conducted, which limits the return on investment of research funding. Here we outline the principal design features of Phase III vector control field studies, highlight major failings and strengths of published studies, and provide guidance on improving the design and conduct of vector control studies. We hope that this critical assessment will increase the impetus for more carefully considered and rigorous design of vector control studies.Evidence-based policy making on vector control VBDs such as malaria, dengue, and leishmaniasis are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality and fall disproportionately on the poorest communities in the developing world [1-4]. One of the key methods by which VBDs can be controlled and eliminated is through vector control [5-10]; for example, long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) for malaria or indoor residual spraying (IRS) for Chagas disease.Development of vector control interventions follows a multistage process [11] (Figure 1). First, a draft target product profile should be generated. This document guides the development process by outlining the features and performance targets of the intended vector control tool. The next step is demonstrating the proof of concept by conducting Phase I studies (laboratory assays to determine the mode of action) and Phase II (semi-field and small-scale field) studies, which generally have entomological end points. Large-scale Phase III field studies (efficacy studies) (see Glossary) are then conducted, which measure the efficacy of the vector control tool against epidemiological outcomes when implemented under optimal conditions. Based on the results of Phase III trials, the World Health Organization (WHO) will make recommendations for pilot implementation. These Phase IV studies will assess the effectiveness of the vector control tool when it is delivered and used operationally (i.e., under 'real-world' conditions), as well as collecting information on feasibility, distribution mechanisms, acceptability, economics, and safety. Information gathered from the Phase III and IV studies will enable the WHO to draw up policy recommendations and, in parallel, member states will develop country-level policy.Evidence-based policy making on vector control tools is now regarded as essential and is adopted by the WHO [12,13] (Box 1). The quality of evidence on vector control interventions from epidemiological trials or systematic reviews needs to be rated before recommendations and policy can be formulated. Since 2008, the WHO has adopted the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology fo...

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“…9 Recently, IRS has been shown to be effective in areas of high malaria transmission or to malaria epidemic-prone areas. 10 The government of United Republic of Tanzania through Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MoH&SW) with the support of the President's Malaria Initiative (PMI) started an IRS intervention program in Muleba district, after the 2006 malaria epidemic using lambda-cyhalothrin capsule suspension (ICON 10 CS), targeting villages prone to malaria epidemics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Indoor Residual Spraying of Lambda-Cyhalothrin on Malaria Prevalence and Anemia in an Epidemic-Prone District of Muleba, North-Western Tanzania

Mashauri

Kinung’hi²,

Kaatano³

et al. 2013

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The Government of Tanzania introduced indoor residual spraying (IRS) in Muleba district in north-western Tanzania after frequent malaria epidemics. Malaria parasitological baseline and two cross-sectional follow-up surveys were conducted in villages under the IRS program and those not under IRS to assess the impact of IRS intervention. After two rounds of IRS intervention there was a significant reduction of malaria parasitological indices in both two villages. In IRS villages overall, parasitemia prevalence was reduced by 67.2%, splenomegaly was reduced by 75.8%, whereas anemia was reduced by 50.5%. There was also a decline of malaria parasite density from 896.4 at baseline to 128.8 at second follow-up survey. Similarly, there was also a reduction of malaria parasitological indices in non-IRS villages; however, parasitological indices in IRS villages remained far below the levels in non-IRS villages. The reduction of malaria parasitological indices in non-IRS villages might have been contributed by interventions other than IRS.

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The Combination of Indoor Residual Spraying and Insecticide-Treated Nets Provides Added Protection against Malaria Compared with Insecticide-Treated Nets Alone

Cited by 90 publications

References 18 publications

The Effect of Indoor Residual Spraying on Malaria and Anemia in a High-Transmission Area of Northern Uganda

The Effect of Indoor Residual Spraying on Malaria and Anemia in a High-Transmission Area of Northern Uganda

Evidence-based vector control? Improving the quality of vector control trials

Impact of Indoor Residual Spraying of Lambda-Cyhalothrin on Malaria Prevalence and Anemia in an Epidemic-Prone District of Muleba, North-Western Tanzania

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