The combination of GM-CSF and IL-2 as local adjuvant shows synergy in enhancing peptide vaccines and provides long term tumor protection

Toubaji, Antoun; Hill, Sarah J.; Terabe, Masaki; Qian, Jianliang; Floyd, Tamara L.; Simpson, R. Mark; Berzofsky, Jay A.; Khleif, Samir N.

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.05.040

Cited by 47 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 31 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Good examples are the AS systems, as discussed above. Most adjuvant systems seem to be more effective than individual adjuvants due to additive or frequently synergistic effect, which may result from combining the same or different classes of adjuvants [344,352]. One the other hand, use of such systems should not be first choice, unless no individual adjuvant would be able to provide adequate immunogenicity enhancement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Combination of cytokines can be more effective than a single one, either as a co-expressing plasmid or a mixture of proteins [351,352]. Nonetheless, their positive effects as adjuvants have not been consistent in many cases.…”

Section: Interleukinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More complex adjuvant systems (3 adjuvant components) have also been tried. These include, GM-CSF/IL-2/emulsion for HPV16 E7 peptide antigen [352], liposome/polycation/DNA (LPD) particles for HPV 16 E7 protein antigen [450], CpG (1826)/indolicidin/ olyphosphazene for OVA [88], QS21/ GM-CSF/MPL/emulsion system for KLH-conjugated peptide antigens [244]. Although some of these combinations have been compared, the results are difficult to interpret as their doses and preparations are different [237,449].…”

Section: Adjuvant Combinationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Selection of Adjuvants for Enhanced Vaccine Potency

Wang¹,

Singh²

2011

WJV

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Interleukinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Adjuvant Combinationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Selection of Adjuvants for Enhanced Vaccine Potency

Wang¹,

Singh²

2011

WJV

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Indeed, the synergistic effect of IL-2 and GM-CSF in enhancing the immune response was also reported in a vaccine study [29,30]. IL-2 stimulates the immune response by activating effector cells, whereas GM-CSF enhances the immune response by increasing antigen presentation through macrophages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Immunotherapy using IL-2 and GM-CSF is a potential treatment for multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Zhang

Liu

Wang

et al. 2012

Sci. China Life Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study investigated the therapeutic effects of interleukin (IL)-2 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) co-administrated with antibacterial agents isoniazid (INH) and rifampin (RIF) to treat a mouse model of tuberculosis (TB) infection. A drug-susceptible TB strain, H37Rv was used to infect mice and the effectiveness of IL-2 and GM-CSF was initially evaluated based on survival rate, bacterial counts in lungs and spleens and the pathological condition of the lungs. Next, the therapeutic effect of the immunotherapy regimen was assessed in multidrug-resistant strain OB35-infected mice. In the H37Rv infection model, IL-2 and GM-CSF monotherapies reduced bacterial numbers in the lungs by 0.82 (P<0.01) and 0.58 (P<0.05) lg colony-forming units (CFU), respectively, and in the spleens by 1.42 (P<0.01) and 1.22 (P<0.01) lg CFU, respectively, compared with the untreated group. Mice receiving immunotherapy developed fewer lesions in the lungs compared with mice receiving antibacterial therapy alone. In the OB35 infection model, immunotherapy with either cytokine resulted in a significant reduction of bacterial load in the lungs and spleens and less severe lesions in the lungs compared with the untreated or antibacterial therapy treated mice. Notably, mice receiving immunotherapy with both cytokines had a 30% survival rate which was higher than that in other treated groups, and had significantly less CFUs in the lungs and spleens (1.02 and 1.34 lg CFU) compared with antibacterial therapy alone (P<0.01). This study demonstrated that immunotherapy with both IL-2 and GM-CSF may be useful to treat multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). tuberculosis, MDR-TB, IL-2, GM-CSF, immunotherapy Citation:Zhang Y R, Liu J, Wang Y, et al. Immunotherapy using IL-2 and GM-CSF is a potential treatment for multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci China Life Sci, 2012, 55: 800 -806, doi: 10.1007/s11427-012-4368-x Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health problem worldwide [1,2]. Directly Observed Therapy-Short Course (DOTS) is the main TB control strategy recommended by the World Health Organization and has been used for many years. DOTS, when used properly, can treat 95% of drugsusceptible TB cases. However, the prevalence of multidrug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR)-TB and Mycobacterium tuberculosis/HIV co-infection make it more difficult to control TB using the DOTS strategy alone. Moreover, drug-drug interactions cause significant problems in M. tuberculosis/HIV co-infected patients. Despite the use of second-line drugs, the side effects and cost mean the rational design of new treatment regimens is required to shorten the therapeutic period, and provide a more effica-

show abstract

“…In addition, IL-2 and GM-CSF have shown efficacy as adjuvants for DNA-or peptide-based vaccines. 38 The use of rhGH to treat HIV-1-associated wasting revealed demonstrable improvements in a number of factors, including quality of life. 39 Immunological benefits of rhGH include: reversal of thymic involution; [40][41][42][43] increase in total and naive CD4 T-cell counts; 40,41,43,44 restoration of T-cell responses against HIV-1; [44][45][46] and reduction in expression of activation and apoptosis markers.…”

Section: Immunomodulatory Biologic Agents and Timing Of Their Adminismentioning

confidence: 99%