The Colour Change of Monochromatic Light with Retinal Angle of Incidence

Enoch, Jay M.; Stiles, Walter

doi:10.1080/713826396

Cited by 112 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Two psychophysical studies (Miller, 1972;Smith & Pokorny, 1973) report higher L-cone than M-cone photopigment OD while axial values estimated from transverse microspectrophotometry mea-surements of single human cones are not different for M-and L-cones (Bowmaker & Dartnall, 1980). All these studies yield values that are too low compared to photopigment ODs of 0.7-0.9 required to explain self-screening effects measured by the change in color when monochromatic lights are obliquely incident on the central fovea (Walraven & Bouman, 1960;Enoch & Stiles, 1961; but see .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photopigment optical density of the human foveola and a paradoxical senescent increase outside the fovea

et al. 2004

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Photopigment optical density (OD) of middle-(M) and long-(L) wavelength-sensitive cones was determined to evaluate the hypothesis that reductions in the amount of photopigment are responsible for age-dependent sensitivity losses of the human cone pathways. Flicker thresholds were measured at the peak and tail of the photoreceptor's absorption spectrum as a function of the intensity of a bleaching background. Photopigment OD was measured at 0 (fovea), 2, 4, and 8 deg in the temporal retina by use of a 0.3-deg-diameter test spot. Seventy-two genetically characterized dichromats were studied so that the L-and M-cones could be analyzed separately. Subjects included 28 protanopes with M-but no L-cones and 44 deuteranopes with L-but no M-cones (all male, age range 12-29 and 55-83 years). Previous methods have not provided estimates of photopigment OD for separate cone classes in the foveola. In this study, it was found that foveolar cones are remarkably efficient, absorbing 78% of the available photons (OD ϭ 0.65). Photopigment OD decreased exponentially with retinal eccentricity independently of age and cone type. Paradoxically, the OD of perifoveal cones increased significantly with age. Over the 70-year age range of our participants, the perifoveal M-and L-cones showed a 14% increase in capacity to absorb photons despite a 30% decrease in visual sensitivity over the same period.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photopigment optical density of the human foveola and a paradoxical senescent increase outside the fovea

et al. 2004

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“…The results were smoothed and normalized to a density of 0-18 at the lowest background wave number (14,294 cm-'). Following Weale (1961) and Enoch & Stiles (1961) An analogous procedure is followed here. We measured1 andlo (the lens path lengths of rays incidence at point r, and at the centre of, the entrance pupil, respectively) with precision compass dividers applied between the points where the traced rays meet the two surfaces of the lens.…”

Section: Correction For Losesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The directional sensitivity of retinal rods.

Alpern¹,

Ching²,

Kono³

1983

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Rod field sensitivity, 10-S(r) (i.e. the reciprocal of the radiance of a background required for 10-fold elevation of rod threshold) was measured for monochromatic backgrounds traversing the pupil at various points (r) on three subjects. The wave-length dependency of the directional sensitivities of the three foveal cone mechanisms of the principal subject have been reported previously (Alpern & Kitahara, 1983).2. Rods, as cones, are less sensitive to obliquely incident, than to normally incident backgrounds. At the pupil margin (4 mm) the effect is between 0-368 and 0-976 log1o

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“…Three degrees of freedom are reduced to only two in this example. This is usually explained by supposing short-wave & Stiles' (1961) calculation from the chromaticities of oblique incident test lights for their principal subject J. M. E. Note for 530 < A < 610 nm short-wave sensitive cones are expected to be more sensitive to test entering the margin, than to test entering the centre, of the pupil. The circles (with error bars ending at one S.E.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The dependence of the colour and brightness of a monochromatic light upon its angle of incidence on the retina.

Alpern¹,

Kono²,

Tamaki³

1983

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. The changes in brightness and colour of a monochromatic test light as its angle of incidence on the retina was changed from normal (pupil centre traverse) to oblique (3 5 mm temporal pupil traverse), was measured by matching it with three normally incident primaries. Results on two normal trichromats were generally in accord with published data on the Stiles-Crawford intensity and colour effects.2. One observer was also the subject of the preceding paper (Alpern & Kitahara, 1983) in which the field sensitivities of his foveali1(,u) (j = 3, 4, 5) mechanisms for normally, and obliquely, incident backgrounds were reported. For normal incidence, the colour matching functions are in rough accord with expectation if the action spectra of the three cone mechanisms, which provide the photoreceptor basis for his trichromacy, were the same Hi mechanisms for normal incidence.3. A unified theory is developed for both Stiles-Crawford intensity and colour effects, assuming that the same visual pigments in the same set of univariantly signalling cones absorbs both the normal incident primaries and the obliquely incident test. Given no free parameters for curve fitting, the Stiles-Crawford intensity effect data are in reasonable agreement with the theory if the photoreceptor basis of these matches were the normally and obliquely incident II(,u) mechanisms.4. The Stiles-Crawford colour effect data contradict the expectations ofthe unified theory applied with these same Hl1(l) mechanisms. Either H3,() is not a valid operational definition ofthe action spectrum ofhis short-wave sensitive photoreceptors or at least one assumption of the unified theory is false.

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The Colour Change of Monochromatic Light with Retinal Angle of Incidence

Cited by 112 publications

References 9 publications

Photopigment optical density of the human foveola and a paradoxical senescent increase outside the fovea

Photopigment optical density of the human foveola and a paradoxical senescent increase outside the fovea

The directional sensitivity of retinal rods.

The dependence of the colour and brightness of a monochromatic light upon its angle of incidence on the retina.

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