The Cognitive Difficulties Scale (CDS): Psychometric Characteristics in a Clinical Referral Sample

Gass, Carlton S.; Patten, Brooke; Peñate, Ailyn; Rhodes, Alice

doi:10.1017/s1355617720001058

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…We used the revised version of the CDS from Gass et al (2021), removing the questions associated with sex-specific roles. Scores for all older adults fell in the average range (scores of 40–55 for the age range 60–70) for this test in this population (Gass et al, 2021).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, because we could not administer the MoCA remotely, we substituted the Cognitive Difficulties Scale (CDS; McNair & Kahn, 1983) as an indicator of gross cognitive status in older adults. We used the revised version of the CDS from Gass et al (2021), removing the questions associated with sex-specific roles. Scores for all older adults fell in the average range (scores of 40–55 for the age range 60–70) for this test in this population (Gass et al, 2021).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aging and directed forgetting: Evidence for an associative deficit but no evidence for an inhibition deficit.

Tanberg¹,

Fernandes²,

MacLeod³

2022

Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology / Revue canadienne

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Intentional forgetting aims to prevent unwanted information from being stored in long-term memory. Surprisingly, past research has shown that, relative to younger adults, older adults recall and recognize more to-be-forgotten information. It has been suggested that this occurs because older adults have a deficient ability to inhibit information. In two experiments, we examined memory differences between older and younger adults in an item-method directed forgetting task. Participants viewed words one at a time during a study phase, each followed by a cue to remember (R) or to forget (F). In Experiment 1, participants' later recognition of both types of items was assessed, followed by a separate source discrimination test for the cue that had been associated with each word at study. In Experiment 2, memory was assessed using a threeresponse recognition test, indicating whether each word was either new or previously studied and, if previously studied, whether it was associated with an R cue or an F cue. In both experiments, older and younger adults recognized more to-be-remembered items than to-be-forgotten items, the typical directed forgetting effect (DFE). Contrary to past reports, older adults did not remember more to-be-forgotten items than did younger adults, inconsistent with an inhibitory deficit. Older adults were, however, less accurate than younger adults in identifying cue associations for both R and F items, consistent instead with an associative memory deficit. Public Significance StatementIntentional forgetting allows us to update the contents of our memory with the most current information. Previous research suggested that older adults are not as efficient as younger adults in filtering out stored information that is no longer relevant (e.g., an expired phone number). Here, we demonstrate that, in fact, older adults can intentionally forget information just as well as younger adults. Older adults, however, were less able to form the associations between necessary for identifying which information should be remembered and which should be forgotten.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aging and directed forgetting: Evidence for an associative deficit but no evidence for an inhibition deficit.

Tanberg¹,

Fernandes²,

MacLeod³

2022

Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology / Revue canadienne

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“…Scores are summed for a global composite (range: 0—156) that served as an outcome; higher scores represent more cognitive concerns. Factor analyses on the CDS have been performed to derive sub-domain cognitive composites [ 36 , 37 ]. However, there is scarce research on the CDS in an aging and dementia setting and none in a neurodegenerative disease brain bank.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A clinical neuropsychologist (MLA) and behavioral neurologist (JM) assigned each item of the CDS to one of four cognitive domains, specifically attention, memory, language, and motor. These domain assignments were guided by previous factor analyses on the CDS [ 36 , 37 ]. Based on the expert assignment, a multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) model was used to derive the CDS factor scores.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive, functional, and neuropsychiatric correlates of regional tau pathology in autopsy-confirmed chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Alosco,

White,

Bell

et al. 2024

Mol Neurodegeneration

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Background Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) accumulation. The clinical features associated with CTE pathology are unclear. In brain donors with autopsy-confirmed CTE, we investigated the association of CTE p-tau pathology density and location with cognitive, functional, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Methods In 364 brain donors with autopsy confirmed CTE, semi-quantitative p-tau severity (range: 0–3) was assessed in 10 cortical and subcortical regions. We summed ratings across regions to form a p-tau severity global composite (range: 0–30). Informants completed standardized scales of cognition (Cognitive Difficulties Scale, CDS; BRIEF-A Metacognition Index, MI), activities of daily living (Functional Activities Questionnaire), neurobehavioral dysregulation (BRIEF-A Behavioral Regulation Index, BRI; Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, BIS-11), aggression (Brown-Goodwin Aggression Scale), depression (Geriatric Depression Scale-15, GDS-15), and apathy (Apathy Evaluation Scale, AES). Ordinary least squares regression models examined associations between global and regional p-tau severity (separate models for each region) with each clinical scale, adjusting for age at death, racial identity, education level, and history of hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea, and substance use treatment. Ridge regression models that incorporated p-tau severity across all regions in the same model assessed which regions showed independent effects. Results The sample was predominantly American football players (333; 91.2%); 140 (38.5%) had low CTE and 224 (61.5%) had high CTE. Global p-tau severity was associated with higher (i.e., worse) scores on the cognitive and functional scales: MI ($$\beta$$ β standardized = 0.02, 95%CI = 0.01–0.04), CDS ($$\beta$$ β standardized = 0.02, 95%CI = 0.01–0.04), and FAQ ($$\beta$$ β standardized = 0.03, 95%CI = 0.01–0.04). After false-discovery rate correction, p-tau severity in the frontal, inferior parietal, and superior temporal cortex, and the amygdala was associated with higher CDS ($$\beta$$ β sstandardized = 0.17–0.29, ps < 0.01) and FAQ ($$\beta$$ β sstandardized = 0.21–0.26, ps < 0.01); frontal and inferior parietal cortex was associated with higher MI ($$\beta$$ β sstandardized = 0.21–0.29, ps < 0.05); frontal cortex was associated with higher BRI ($$\beta$$ β standardized = 0.21, p < 0.01). Regions with effects independent of other regions included frontal cortex (CDS, MI, FAQ, BRI), inferior parietal cortex (CDS) and amygdala (FAQ). P-tau explained 13–49% of variance in cognitive and functional scales and 6–14% of variance in neuropsychiatric scales. Conclusion Accumulation of p-tau aggregates, especially in the frontal cortex, are associated with cognitive, functional, and certain neurobehavioral symptoms in CTE.

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“…Existing research on the operationalization of SCD has not yet converged on a single approach. Methods for classifying individuals as having SCD range from single questions 80,81 to questionnaires 82 to data-driven, multivariate approaches 83 . SCD is frequently defined as a subjectively perceived decline in cognitive ability in the absence of cognitive impairment 81,84,85 .…”

Section: Operational Definition Of Subjective Cognitive Declinementioning

confidence: 99%

Multidimensional digital biomarker of cognitive health: unobtrusive and continuous monitoring of cognitive changes using smartphones

Kos

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Background. Cognitive functionality is a critical determinant of quality of life. Acquired cognitive impairment associated with aging, neurocognitive disorders, like Alzheimer's disease, and traumatic brain injury, pose major challenges to healthcare systems throughout the world.Depending on etiology, cognitive impairment may start in early and middle adulthood, with between 3.1% and 21% of the global population suffering from cognitive impairment depending on age and location. The number of dementia cases alone is expected to reach 115 million by 2050. Yet, cognitive impairments are typically detected late in the decline. Positive diagnoses are often so late in the process that there is not much that can be done. Hence, early detection of and intervention are necessary to intervene as well as to develop effective treatments.

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The Cognitive Difficulties Scale (CDS): Psychometric Characteristics in a Clinical Referral Sample

Cited by 11 publications

References 48 publications

Aging and directed forgetting: Evidence for an associative deficit but no evidence for an inhibition deficit.

Aging and directed forgetting: Evidence for an associative deficit but no evidence for an inhibition deficit.

Cognitive, functional, and neuropsychiatric correlates of regional tau pathology in autopsy-confirmed chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Multidimensional digital biomarker of cognitive health: unobtrusive and continuous monitoring of cognitive changes using smartphones

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