The CO<sub>2</sub> concentration of air trapped in GISP2 ice from the Last Glacial Maximum‐Holocene transition

Smith, Helen; Wahlen, Mannheim Forschungsgruppe; Mastroianni, D.; Taylor, Kendrick C.

doi:10.1029/96gl03700

Cited by 56 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…1999). Similar evidence for pCO2 changes in Lake Baikal have been found during the Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition (LGIT) at the Buguldeika Saddle with a 3.5-4‰ lowering of δ 13 C(organic) (Prokopenko et al 1999) coinciding with a c.60 ppmv increase in CO2, as recorded in the GISP2 Greenland ice core (Smith et al 1997). Increased annual ice cover during MIS 2 would however be expected to limit lacustrine-atmosphere CO2 exchanges, while the 4.4‰ increase accompanying the c.20 ppmv change in CO2…”

Section: Continent Ridge Mis 3/mis 2 Transitionmentioning

confidence: 49%

Climatic change in Central Asia during MIS 3/2: a case study using biological responses from Lake Baikal

Swann

Mackay

Leng

et al. 2005

Global and Planetary Change

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Section: Continent Ridge Mis 3/mis 2 Transitionmentioning

confidence: 49%

Climatic change in Central Asia during MIS 3/2: a case study using biological responses from Lake Baikal

Swann

Mackay

Leng

et al. 2005

Global and Planetary Change

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“…In the case of CO 2 , Antarctic ice cores represent the only unaltered archive of past atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, while in Greenland ice cores high carbonate and low pH in combination with higher concentrations of organic impurities in the ice leads to in situ production of CO 2 (Anklin et al, 1995;Smith et al, 1997). In Antarctic ice cores, no such artifacts have been observed so far as illustrated by the low scatter of high-resolution samples in bubble ice Stauffer and Tschumi, 2000;Monnin et al, 2001;Lü thi et al, 2008) that is below the analytical uncertainty, by the consistency of Antarctic ice core records from different locations, and by the very good agreement of ice core data with atmospheric measurements in the overlapping interval between 1958and 1975(Etheridge et al, 1996MacFarling Meure et al, 2006).…”

Section: Ice Core Data Of Atmospheric Co 2 Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of Southern Ocean processes in orbital and millennial CO2 variations – A synthesis

Fischer

Schmitt

Lüthi

et al. 2010

Quaternary Science Reviews

130

133

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a b s t r a c tRecent progress in the reconstruction of atmospheric CO 2 records from Antarctic ice cores has allowed for the documentation of natural CO 2 variations on orbital time scales over the last up to 800,000 years and for the resolution of millennial CO 2 variations during the last glacial cycle in unprecedented detail. This has shown that atmospheric CO 2 varied within natural bounds of approximately 170-300 ppmv but never reached recent CO 2 concentrations caused by anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. In addition, the natural atmospheric CO 2 concentrations show an extraordinary correlation with Southern Ocean climate changes, pointing to a significant (direct or indirect) influence of climatic and environmental changes in the Southern Ocean region on atmospheric CO 2 concentrations.Here, we compile recent ice core and marine sediment records of atmospheric CO 2 , temperature and environmental changes in the Southern Ocean region, as well as carbon cycle model experiments, in order to quantify the effect of potential Southern Ocean processes on atmospheric CO 2 related to these orbital and millennial changes. This shows that physical and biological changes in the SO are able to explain substantial parts of the glacial/interglacial CO 2 change, but that none of the single processes is able to explain this change by itself. In particular, changes in the Southern Ocean related to changes in the surface buoyancy flux, which in return is controlled by the waxing and waning of sea ice may favorably explain the high correlation of CO 2 and Antarctic temperature on orbital and millennial time scales. In contrast, the changes of the position and strength of the westerly wind field were most likely too small to explain the observed changes in atmospheric CO 2 or may even have increased atmospheric CO 2 in the glacial. Also iron fertilization of the marine biota in the Southern Ocean contributes to a glacial drawdown of CO 2 but turns out to be limited by other factors than the total dust input such as bioavailability of iron or macronutrient supply.

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“…[39] Acid-carbonate reactions were suggested to explain elevated Greenland ice core CO 2 records [Delmas, 1993;Barnola et al, 1995;Anklin et al, 1995;Smith et al, 1997aSmith et al, , 1997b. Neftel et al [1988] suggested that the most likely mechanism is the chemical reaction between CaCO 3 and H + (CaCO 3 + 2H + → Ca 2+ + CO 2 + H 2 O), which can occur only when the ice is sufficiently acidic to drive decarbonation, and some CaCO 3 remains in the ice after bubble formation [Smith et al, 1997a].…”

Section: Mechanisms For Preindustrial Co 2 Variationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, it is important to obtain high-resolution records from various Antarctic cores that formed in different glaciological conditions, particularly at sites with high accumulation rates. Antarctic records are the focus of CO 2 studies because Greenland ice cores are not believed to provide reliable atmospheric CO 2 levels because of in situ production of CO 2 via the carbonate-acid reaction [Delmas, 1993;Anklin et al, 1995;Barnola et al, 1995;Anklin et al, 1997;Smith et al, 1997aSmith et al, , 1997bWahlen et al, 1991] and oxidation of organic compounds [Tschumi and Stauffer, 2000], both enhanced in Greenland ice due to high dust and organic carbon content.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric CO₂ over the last 1000 years: A high‐resolution record from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide ice core

Ahn¹,

Brook²,

Mitchell³

et al. 2012

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

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[1] We report a decadally resolved record of atmospheric CO 2 concentration for the last 1000 years, obtained from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide shallow ice core. The most prominent feature of the pre-industrial period is a rapid $7 ppm decrease of CO 2 in a span of $20-50 years at $1600 A.D. This observation confirms the timing of an abrupt atmospheric CO 2 decrease of $10 ppm observed for that time period in the Law Dome ice core CO 2 records, but the true magnitude of the decrease remains unclear. Atmospheric CO 2 variations over the time period 1000-1800 A.D. are statistically correlated with northern hemispheric climate and tropical Indo-Pacific sea surface temperature. However, the exact relationship between CO 2 and climate remains elusive due to regional climate variations and/or uneven geographical data density of paleoclimate records. We observe small differences of 0 $ 2% (0 $ 6 ppm) among the high-precision CO 2 records from the Law Dome, EPICA Dronning Maud Land and WAIS Divide Antarctic ice cores. However, those records share common trends of CO 2 change on centennial to multicentennial time scales, and clearly show that atmospheric CO 2 has been increasing above preindustrial levels since $1850 A.D.

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The CO₂ concentration of air trapped in GISP2 ice from the Last Glacial Maximum‐Holocene transition

Cited by 56 publications

References 16 publications

Climatic change in Central Asia during MIS 3/2: a case study using biological responses from Lake Baikal

Climatic change in Central Asia during MIS 3/2: a case study using biological responses from Lake Baikal

The role of Southern Ocean processes in orbital and millennial CO2 variations – A synthesis

Atmospheric CO₂ over the last 1000 years: A high‐resolution record from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide ice core

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The CO2 concentration of air trapped in GISP2 ice from the Last Glacial Maximum‐Holocene transition

Cited by 56 publications

References 16 publications

Climatic change in Central Asia during MIS 3/2: a case study using biological responses from Lake Baikal

Climatic change in Central Asia during MIS 3/2: a case study using biological responses from Lake Baikal

The role of Southern Ocean processes in orbital and millennial CO2 variations – A synthesis

Atmospheric CO2 over the last 1000 years: A high‐resolution record from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide ice core

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

The CO₂ concentration of air trapped in GISP2 ice from the Last Glacial Maximum‐Holocene transition

Atmospheric CO₂ over the last 1000 years: A high‐resolution record from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide ice core