The Clothing Industry in S.A.

Abstract

I. HISTORICALA s p e m : (a) the period from 1907 to the reat depression of 1929-32.; (b) the period from 1929-32 to k c commencement of the second world war; (c) the period of the second world war, 1939-45; (d) the immediate post-war period, 1945-1952/53; a) the period from 1953 to 1958-59; and 1. Wine Board re ort (unpublished) on "The clothinn industry. Wltwatcnrand and Pretoria". dmted 20th July, i. C a b f o r a . Port Elizabeth. East London, Durbnn. 1929 pnrni 6 I6 mnd 'fable A.Kingwilliamstown and Durban.' The industry was described as highly competitive, not only internally but also in relation to very severe foreign competition. Throughout the Union, total employment in the wholesale industry then stood at 6,410, comprising 2,717 on the Witwatersrand; 2,677 in the Cape Peninsula; 481 in Durban and Pietermaritzburg; 222 in Kingwilliamstown and East London; and 57 in Worcester. The locational pattern so depicted remained typical of the industry for another 20 years. Analysis of the racial distribution shows that European workers were then slightly in the majority at 3,454, followed by 2,261 Coloureds, 513 natives and 182 Asiatics. At that stage the diversification of the industry's products had not progressed very far. Men's and boys' outerwear in the fonn of suits, flannel trousers, jackets and overcoats constituted the main products, for which the Witwatersrand was the most important centre. Shirt and pyjama manufacture was well advanced, with Cape Town in the lead. The making of both men's and women's underwear was developing fairly rapidly at Cape Town and Johannesburg, and ties, hats, caps and hosiery were all being produced in quantity. Knitwear was being made in all the main centres, though not on a large scale. The first dress factory of importance commenced operations in Johannesburg only in 1931, though the subsequent development of the women's outerwear section became a feature of the later 1930's and early 1940's.

Effects of co-existed proteins on measurement of pesticide residues in blood by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

“…In the past years, lots of efforts have been focused on the development of sample clean-up and separation techniques. Generally recoveries of pesticide residues can be increased by an improved separation of target analytes and background compounds using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) [15][16][17], solid phase extraction (SPE) [18,19], matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) [20][21] or additional chromatographic clean-up steps using size exclusion [22][23], ion exchange [24][25] or coupled-column chromatography [26][27]. Isotopically labeled internal standards [28] and matrix-matched standards [10] have also been considered as useful approaches to compensate the consequences of matrix effects on the reliability of the experimental data.…”