The Close Relationship between South African and Latin American HTLV Type 1 Strains Corroborated in a Molecular Epidemiological Study of the HTLV Type 1 Isolates from a Blood Donor Cohort

Mota, Augusto; Dooren, Sonia Van; Fernandes, Flora Maria de Campos; Pereira, Sérgio A.; Queiroz, Artur T. L.; Gallazzi, Viviana Olavarria; Vandamme, Anne‐Mieke; Galvão–Castro, Bernardo; Alcântara, Luíz Carlos Júnior

doi:10.1089/aid.2006.0203

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…The grouping of the Brazilian HTLV-1 sequences into different subclusters support the hypothesis that there were multiple introductions of the transcontinental subtype in Brazil. These findings further support several studies conducted in some Brazilian and other Latin American populations that suggested the introduction of HTLV-1 on multiple occasions and that demonstrate an association between the Latin American cluster with sequences of African origin [37], [43], [44], [45], [46]. The results of detecting HTLV-1 aA and aB among patients of Japanese descent is consistent with previous data described among Japanese immigrants in Sao Paulo, where the detection of both sub-subtypes has been reported [17], [35], [47], [48].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Molecular Characterization of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Full and Partial Genomes by Illumina Massively Parallel Sequencing Technology

Pessôa¹,

Watanabe²,

Nukui

et al. 2014

PLoS ONE

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BackgroundHere, we report on the partial and full-length genomic (FLG) variability of HTLV-1 sequences from 90 well-characterized subjects, including 48 HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers (ACs), 35 HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and 7 adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) patients, using an Illumina paired-end protocol.MethodsBlood samples were collected from 90 individuals, and DNA was extracted from the PBMCs to measure the proviral load and to amplify the HTLV-1 FLG from two overlapping fragments. The amplified PCR products were subjected to deep sequencing. The sequencing data were assembled, aligned, and mapped against the HTLV-1 genome with sufficient genetic resemblance and utilized for further phylogenetic analysis.ResultsA high-throughput sequencing-by-synthesis instrument was used to obtain an average of 3210- and 5200-fold coverage of the partial (n = 14) and FLG (n = 76) data from the HTLV-1 strains, respectively. The results based on the phylogenetic trees of consensus sequences from partial and FLGs revealed that 86 (95.5%) individuals were infected with the transcontinental sub-subtypes of the cosmopolitan subtype (aA) and that 4 individuals (4.5%) were infected with the Japanese sub-subtypes (aB). A comparison of the nucleotide and amino acids of the FLG between the three clinical settings yielded no correlation between the sequenced genotype and clinical outcomes. The evolutionary relationships among the HTLV sequences were inferred from nucleotide sequence, and the results are consistent with the hypothesis that there were multiple introductions of the transcontinental subtype in Brazil.ConclusionsThis study has increased the number of subtype aA full-length genomes from 8 to 81 and HTLV-1 aB from 2 to 5 sequences. The overall data confirmed that the cosmopolitan transcontinental sub-subtypes were the most prevalent in the Brazilian population. It is hoped that this valuable genomic data will add to our current understanding of the evolutionary history of this medically important virus.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Molecular Characterization of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Full and Partial Genomes by Illumina Massively Parallel Sequencing Technology

Pessôa¹,

Watanabe²,

Nukui

et al. 2014

PLoS ONE

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“…Different HTLV-1 genotypes exist, some of which are geographically restricted: Genotypes b and d to g are restricted to central Africa, while genotype c is endemic in Australo-Melanesia. In contrast, the cosmopolitan genotype a is widely distributed, supposedly dispersed during the past centuries through migration of infected populations, as for instance during the Atlantic slave trade (6,(9)(10)(11). Within this large cosmopolitan a subtype, several molecular clades have been described (e.g., Japanese and West African).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Northern African Strains of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Arose from a Recombination Event

Desrames

Cassar

Gout

et al. 2014

J Virol

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Although recombination is a major source of genetic variability in retroviruses, no recombinant strain had been observed for human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the first isolated human-pathogenic retrovirus. Different genotypes exist for HTLV-1: Genotypes b and d to g are restricted to central Africa, while genotype c is only endemic in Australo-Melanesia. In contrast, the cosmopolitan genotype a is widely distributed. We applied a combination of phylogenetics and recombination analysis approaches to a set of new HTLV-1 sequences, which we collected from 19 countries throughout Africa, the continent where the virus has the largest endemic presence. This led us to demonstrate the presence of recombinants in HTLV-1. Indeed, the HTLV-1 strains currently present in North Africa have originated from a recombinant event between strains from Senegal and West Africa. This recombination is estimated to have occurred around 4,000 years ago. This recombination seems to have been generated during reverse transcription. In conclusion, we demonstrate that, albeit rare, recombination can occur in HTLV-1 and may play a role in the evolution of this retrovirus. IMPORTANCEA number of HTLV-1 subtypes have been described in different populations, but none of the genetic differences between these subtypes have been ascribed to recombination events. Here we report an HTLV-1 recombinant virus among infected individuals in North Africa. This demonstrates that, contrary to what was thought, recombination can occur and could play a role in the evolution of HTLV-1.

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“…Mozambique is located on the southeast region of the continent, and the presence of HTLV-1 has also been reported in countries that share borders with Mozambique [40]. The characterization of HTLV-1 Transcontinental subgroup as the prevalent subgroup driving the HTLV epidemics in Mozambique, and South Africa [38] shows that there are, at least, two major endemic lineages of Cosmopolitan HTLV-1 in Africa. One, dominating the Northwestern part of the continent, driven by HTLV-1aD trans-Saharan lineage, as proposed by Zehender [14] and a second lineage in Southern countries, determined by Transcontinental HTLV-1 subgroup.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sub-Saharan Africa is considered to be endemic for HTLV-1 infection, with overall seroprevalence rates in Western and Central African countries being similar to the ones observed in Eastern and Southern African countries [17], [18], [36]–[38]. However, there is lack of data concerning the HTLV molecular epidemiology in Eastern African countries, contrasting with studies in Western countries and South Africa [14], [39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Characterization of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 in Mozambique: Transcontinental Lineages Drive the HTLV-1 Endemic

et al. 2011

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BackgroundHuman T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). It has been estimated that 10–20 million people are infected worldwide, but no successful treatment is available. Recently, the epidemiology of this virus was addressed in blood donors from Maputo, showing rates from 0.9 to 1.2%. However, the origin and impact of HTLV endemic in this population is unknown.ObjectiveTo assess the HTLV-1 molecular epidemiology in Mozambique and to investigate their relationship with HTLV-1 lineages circulating worldwide.MethodsBlood donors and HIV patients were screened for HTLV antibodies by using enzyme immunoassay, followed by Western Blot. PCR and sequencing of HTLV-1 LTR region were applied and genetic HTLV-1 subtypes were assigned by the neighbor-joining method. The mean genetic distance of Mozambican HTLV-1 lineages among the genetic clusters were determined. Human mitochondrial (mt) DNA analysis was performed and individuals classified in mtDNA haplogroups.ResultsLTR HTLV-1 analysis demonstrated that all isolates belong to the Transcontinental subgroup of the Cosmopolitan subtype. Mozambican HTLV-1 sequences had a high inter-strain genetic distance, reflecting in three major clusters. One cluster is associated with the South Africa sequences, one is related with Middle East and India strains and the third is a specific Mozambican cluster. Interestingly, 83.3% of HIV/HTLV-1 co-infection was observed in the Mozambican cluster. The human mtDNA haplotypes revealed that all belong to the African macrohaplogroup L with frequencies representatives of the country.ConclusionsThe Mozambican HTLV-1 genetic diversity detected in this study reveals that although the strains belong to the most prevalent and worldwide distributed Transcontinental subgroup of the Cosmopolitan subtype, there is a high HTLV diversity that could be correlated with at least 3 different HTLV-1 introductions in the country. The significant rate of HTLV-1a/HIV-1C co-infection, particularly in the Mozambican cluster, has important implications for the controls programs of both viruses.

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The Close Relationship between South African and Latin American HTLV Type 1 Strains Corroborated in a Molecular Epidemiological Study of the HTLV Type 1 Isolates from a Blood Donor Cohort

Cited by 15 publications

References 18 publications

Molecular Characterization of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Full and Partial Genomes by Illumina Massively Parallel Sequencing Technology

Molecular Characterization of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Full and Partial Genomes by Illumina Massively Parallel Sequencing Technology

Northern African Strains of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Arose from a Recombination Event

Genetic Characterization of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 in Mozambique: Transcontinental Lineages Drive the HTLV-1 Endemic

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