The Clinotron

Abstract

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Theory of the clinotron: A grating backward-wave oscillator with inclined electron beam

“…Thus there is a strong dependence of the starting current on the tilt angle, which is well-known from the experimental results [1]. Such dependence was also predicted in [5].…”

“…Taking into account that in our case and , we find that the maximum beam current density is Assuming, for example, that the beam accelerating voltage is 3 kV, GHz, and , we have A/cm . This value is by several times larger compared to that used in practical clinotrons [1]. It should be noted that the maximum beam current density rapidly grows with an increase of both the operating frequency and the tilt angle.…”

“…T HE CLINOTRON has been proposed [1] as a modification of the conventional backward-wave oscillator (BWO) in order to eliminate the main drawbacks of the latter, like its low efficiency and low level of output power. The basic principle of the electron-wave interaction in the clinotron is similar to that in the BWO, but some essential modifications in the tube design have been introduced.…”

“…Nevertheless, the electronic tuning of the operating frequency is large what is achieved by successively exciting the single resonator modes with beam voltage variation. These approaches have resulted in the development of a series of oscillators through the millimeter and submillimeter wavelength bands [1]. The output power level of these tubes is an order of magnitude larger than for conventional BWO's [2], [3] while small physical dimensions, low weight, low operating voltage, and other advantages of BWO's have been retained.…”

“…In spite of the attractive characteristics of the clinotron obtained in the experiments, they have not attracted much theoretical attention. Theoretical publications on record deal mainly with starting conditions or with properties of oscillatory circuits used in the clinotron [1], [4]- [7]. In the meantime, there is a need for a nonlinear self-consistent theory, which can be used for a detailed study of the physics of the clinotron and for its optimization.…”