The clinical toxicology of gamma-hydroxybutyrate, gamma-butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol

Schep, Leo J.; Knudsen, Kai; Slaughter, Robin J; Vale, J Allister; Mégarbane, Bruno

doi:10.3109/15563650.2012.702218

Cited by 175 publications

(169 citation statements)

References 194 publications

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“…[ 26 ] In regards to chronic substance abuse, GBL is similar to EtOH. [ 27 ] AcOH is classifi ed as an irritant at a volume percent <25 vol% and as industrial vinegar <20 vol%. [ 28 ] The other components listed above are not without limited toxicity, but are prevalent in industrial use, e.g.…”

Section: Determination Of Candidate Nonhazardous Ink Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonhazardous Solvent Systems for Processing Perovskite Photovoltaics

Gardner

Tait

Merckx

et al. 2016

Advanced Energy Materials

182

201

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Replacing toxic solvents with nonhazardous solvents is one of the key challenges for industrial scale commercialization of thin film perovskite photovoltaics. Here, nonhazardous solvent/alcohol/acid systems are presented for the single‐step deposition of pinhole‐free perovskite layers with combined lead halide precursors of Pb(CH3CO2)2·3H2O, PbCl2, and CH3NH3I. Comparable performance to standard hazardous inks is achieved: devices with 15.1% power conversion efficiency are demonstrated and maintain 13.5% tracked for 5 min at maximum power point. Blade coated 4 cm2 solar modules fabricated with highest performing device ink attain 11.9% in power conversion efficiency.

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Section: Determination Of Candidate Nonhazardous Ink Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonhazardous Solvent Systems for Processing Perovskite Photovoltaics

Gardner

Tait

Merckx

et al. 2016

Advanced Energy Materials

182

201

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“…These developments in party-drug use coincide with an increased observation of drug-related health problems that require immediate medical attention (Goossens et al, 2013;Krul, Girbes, & Sanou, 2012). The majority of party-drugs are associated with adverse health effects, both short-term as well as long-term (e.g., Devlin & Henry, 2008;Schep, Knudsen, Slaughter, Vale, & Meǵarbane, 2012). On short-term, party-drugs can cause a variety of acute health problems, including coma and respiratory failure (e.g., GHB; Schep et al, 2012) or cardiac arrest (Devlin & Henry, 2008;Trimbos Institute, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The majority of party-drugs are associated with adverse health effects, both short-term as well as long-term (e.g., Devlin & Henry, 2008;Schep, Knudsen, Slaughter, Vale, & Meǵarbane, 2012). On short-term, party-drugs can cause a variety of acute health problems, including coma and respiratory failure (e.g., GHB; Schep et al, 2012) or cardiac arrest (Devlin & Henry, 2008;Trimbos Institute, 2015). On long-term, stimulant use has been linked to heart conditions (e.g., cocaine; Phillips et al, 2009), neurotoxic effects (e.g., serotonergic neurotoxicity in ecstasy use; Parrott, 2013), as well as psychological and cognitive complaints (Parrott, 2013;Trimbos Institute, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Psychosocial Correlates of Party-Drug Use and Associated Problems among University Students in the Netherlands

Kunst

Gebhardt

2018

Substance Use & Misuse

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Background: Recent developments in drug use patterns call for an investigation of current party-drug use and associated problems among college students, who appear to be an important target population for harm reduction interventions. Objectives: In addition to reporting on party-drug use prevalence, we investigated whether initial use and continuation of party-drug use among students was associated with demographic, personality and psychosocial factors. Methods: An online questionnaire was administered to 446 students from a Dutch university, inquiring about party-drug use, demographic characteristics, social norms and personality (big five, impulsiveness, aggression). Univariate and multivariate bootstrapped linear regression analyses were used. Results: Of all students, 22.9% indicated having used party-drugs at least once, with a notable sex difference (39.2% of men vs. 16.2% of women). In contrast to the reported trends in Dutch nightlife, GHB was used rarely (lifetime 1.6%) and new psychoactive substances (NPS; 6.7%) appeared almost equally popular as amphetamines (7.6%) and cocaine (7%). Mild health/psychosocial problems (e.g., doing embarrassing things, feeling unwell) were common (65%), whereas serious problems (e.g., being hospitalized) were rare. Neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness and impulsiveness were associated with lifetime but not regular party-drug use. Of all predictors, lifetime and regular party-drug use were most strongly related to lenient injunctive and descriptive norms in friends, and a low motivation to comply with parents. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that harm reduction/preventive interventions might profit from focusing on social norms, and targeting students who are highly involved in a pro-party-drug environment while experiencing less parental influence.

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“…[12] Previous studies have shown that GHB is rapidly eliminated from the body with reported half-lives ranging from 20-53 minutes and being completely eliminated, and therefore undetectable in blood, within 4-8 hours following ingestion. [13] Recreational doses are reportedly between 1-3 grams of GHB but some users with tolerance can take up to 4-5 grams. GHB is commonly available as a liquid of variable concentration and is often measured in doses such as a capful or teaspoon.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%