The clinical specular microscope

Binkhorst, C.D.; Loones, L. H.; Nygaard, P.

doi:10.1007/bf00171456

Cited by 14 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…A corneal endothelium has previously been described in some species of teleosts, [8][9][10][11][12] elasmobranchs, 8 amphibians, 8 reptiles, 8 birds, 8 and mammals, [6][7][8] including primates [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] (Table 1). This study confirms the ubiquitous presence of a complete endothelial cell layer in at least the four representative classes examined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative study of the corneal endothelium in vertebrates

Collin

1998

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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INTRODUCTION: In vertebrates, a corneal endothelium is essential for the maintenance of corneal transparency in a variety of environments, including aerial, terrestrial and aquatic. Knowledge of the surface structure of the corneal endothelium may assist our understanding of this unique tissue and its evolutionary development. Except for humans and some mammals, there have been few studies of other vertebrates, particularly the unique Australian species. METHODS: The field emission scanning electron microscope was used to study the corneal endothelium in representatives of four vertebrate classes: Teleostei (five species), Reptilia (two species), Aves (four species) and Mammalia (three species), including Marsupialia (two species). Endothelial cell densities were calculated from micrographs using computer-based image analysis. RESULTS: The cell densities varied considerably from 1,900 +/- 197 cells per mm(2) for the bream to 11,734 +/- 1,687 cells per mm(2) for the emu. Most of the corneal endothelia were similar to those reported for mammals. However, in some species such as the koala, the pattern was irregular. Some endothelial cells in birds possessed cilia. CONCLUSIONS: The shape of the corneal endothelial cells of vertebrates is typically a mixture of hexagonal and pentagonal cells, in which the cell borders are irregular and interdigitating. An exception is the koala, in which the cells were markedly irregular. Many of the cells have surface microvilli but only in the birds are cilia found in the centre of many endothelial cells. In spite of the range of corneal environments, there are no systematic differences in the cell densities of the various classes and species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative study of the corneal endothelium in vertebrates

Collin

1998

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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“…Determination of endothelial cell density using the specular microscope has become increasingly valuable in the study of effects of various medications, chemicals or surgical procedures on the structure and function of the corneal endothelium (Binkhorst et al 1977;Hirst et al 1977). Several studies have identified and evaluated sources of measurement error (Sperling & Gunderson 1978;Azen et al 1980).…”

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Variation in Central and Vertical Corneal Endothelial Cell Density in Normal Subjects

Azen

Burg

Reinig

1981

Acta Ophthalmologica

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Twenty normal subjects, aged 20 to 50, who had never worn contact lenses underwent determinations of central, inferior and superior corneal endothelial cell density using the Heyer-Schulte specular microscope. Analysis of variance revealed that superior cell density was significantly larger than central cell density, and that central cell density was significantly larger than inferior cell density (P less than 0.00001). In addition, 4 of these subjects had measurements taken on 4 separate sessions. Analysis of variance revealed that central and vertical cell density determinations were reproducible across measurement sessions. The finding of a vertical gradient in cell density was in contrast to 2 published reports which found no vertical differences in the normal cornea. Consequently, those data were re-analyzed using correct statistical procedures and similar vertical differences were obtained for one series of patients. The finding of a vertical gradient in endothelial cell density challenges the appropriateness of relying upon measurement of the central corneal field as an indicator of the pre-operative endothelial cell density.

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Spaltlampenmikroskopie des Hornhautendothels im Spiegelbezirk

Sundmacher

Muller

1980

Deutsche Ophthalmologische Gesellschaft

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The clinical specular microscope

Cited by 14 publications

References 21 publications

A comparative study of the corneal endothelium in vertebrates

A comparative study of the corneal endothelium in vertebrates

Variation in Central and Vertical Corneal Endothelial Cell Density in Normal Subjects

Spaltlampenmikroskopie des Hornhautendothels im Spiegelbezirk

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