The clinical significance of the elongated styloid process

Keur, J. J.; Campbell, Jan; McCarthy, James; Ralph, William J.

doi:10.1016/0030-4220(86)90426-3

Cited by 166 publications

(157 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The styloid apparatus is derived by migration of Reichart's cartilage from the second brachial arch to the temporal region (11)(12)(13)(14). The incidence of an elongated styloid process is reported to be between 4% and 28% and is mostly seen in women (15). diagnostic tool that can define the anatomic relationship between the elongated styloid process and the vascular structures and nerves (2).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Eagle syndrome presented with neurological symptoms

Aydın

Quliyev²,

Çınar³

et al. 2016

Turkish Neurosurgery

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confidence: 99%

Eagle syndrome presented with neurological symptoms

Aydın

Quliyev²,

Çınar³

et al. 2016

Turkish Neurosurgery

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“…Muscular and ligamentous structures are attached at various locations of the process. The attached muscles are the stylopharyngeus (arising from the base), the stylohyoid (attached to the middle portion) and The innervations of these three muscles are the glossopharyngeal nerve, the facial nerve, and the hypoglossal nerve, respectively [4]. The stylohyoid process and ligament are derived from the fi rst and second branchial arches, in addition to Reichter's cartilage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The estimated normal radiographic length of styloid process is 20-30 mm. Of pathogenic importance is the spatial position of the tip of this process [4,8]. Keur states that, if the length of the process or the mineralized part of the stylohyoid ligament appears to be 30 mm or above on radiography, then it can be considered as an elongated styloid process [4].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of styloidectomy in Eagle’s syndrome: an analysis

Mohanty

Thirumaran

Gopinath

et al. 2009

Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg

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Objectives/hypothesis Reported here is a randomized retrospective analysis of 28 cases of elongated styloid process causing nagging cervicofacial pain, both unilateral and bilateral, and the effect of styloidectomy in these cases in relieving the symptom complex of the patient, in situations where conservative management failed in alleviating the symptoms.Study design Randomized retrospective analysis over a period of 25 months. ConclusionElongated styloid process causing glossopharyn-geal neuralgia is beginning to be a frequently encountered clinical entity nowadays. Of the 28 cases of elongated styloid process who underwent unilateral/ bilateral styloidectomy, 27 patients had total relief of symptoms. Hence, we advocate styloidectomy, following careful diagnosis of the entity with clinical and radiological correlation, if the patient does not respond to medical therapy. The psychological status of the patient would provide clue to the authenticity of the symptoms in unrelieved cases.

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“…Although the normal length of the styloid process can range from 1.52 to 5 cm, it is commonly considered as elongated when the length exceeds 3 cm [4][5][6]. The spatial position of the tip of the process is considered to have utmost pathogenic importance [6,7].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The spatial position of the tip of the process is considered to have utmost pathogenic importance [6,7]. The etiology remains unclear but theories mainly focus on congenital elongation due to persistence of cartilaginous precursors, post-traumatic scarring and hyperplasia related to previous tonsillectomy [7,8].…”

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confidence: 99%

Eagle’s Syndrome

Elimairi

Baur

Altay

et al. 2014

Head and Neck Pathol

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Eagle's Syndrome (ES) refers to a symptomatic anomaly due to elongation of the styloid process or mineralization of the styloid complex. If not diagnosed timely and treated properly, elongation of the styloid process or the hyper-mineralization of the stylohyoid ligament may eventually lead to complete ossification of the stylohyoid complex. Non-specific head and neck symptoms of the ES may pose diagnostic challenges to the clinician. Therefore it is crucial to include ES among differential diagnosis when evaluating patients with similar head and neck symptoms. Once the diagnosis is confirmed, treatment plan should be tailored in accordance with the individual requirements of the case and performed without delay. Both pharmacological and surgical methods have been described for the treatment of the patients with ES. However for those who suffer from persistent symptoms, surgical removal of the elongated styloid process is the treatment of choice and can be done with an intraoral or an extraoral approach. The aim of this work is to present unusual clinical symptoms and radiologic findings of ES due to complete ossification of the stylohyoid complex. The importance of a correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment are highlighted.Keywords Eagle's Syndrome Á Ossification Á Stylohyoid Á Hypoglossal nerve palsy HistoryA 48-year-old female patient with non-significant past medical history was referred for evaluation and management of unilateral weakness of her tongue. Among her initial complaints were sharp lancinating pain on swallowing, altered speech, dry mouth, left neck swelling, and intermittent loss of taste. Radiographic FeaturesInitial radiographic examination was carried out with a panoramic radiograph, which revealed a voluminous ossified stylohyoid complex on the patient's left side (Fig. 1). Computerized tomography (CT) imaging was obtained to further evaluate the true dimension and angulation of the calcified tissue. Sagittal view (Fig. 2) and the threedimensional CT reconstruction (Fig. 3) demonstrated complete ossification of the stylohyoid complex. DiagnosisClinical examination of the patient revealed a fixated mass, which was firm on palpation in the left submandibular

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The clinical significance of the elongated styloid process

Cited by 166 publications

References 10 publications

Eagle syndrome presented with neurological symptoms

Eagle syndrome presented with neurological symptoms

Significance of styloidectomy in Eagle’s syndrome: an analysis

Eagle’s Syndrome

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