The Clinical Global Impression–Schizophrenia scale: a simple instrument to measure the diversity of symptoms present in schizophrenia

Haro, Josep María; Kamath, Shanta; Ochoa, Susana; Novick, Diego; Rele, Kiran; Fargas, Arnau; Rodríguez, M.; Rele, Ruta; Orta, J.; Kharbeng, A.; Araya, S; Gervin, M.; Alonso, Jordi; Mavreas, Venetsanos; Lavrentzou, E; Liontos, N.; Gregor, Karl J.; Jones, Peter

doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.107.s416.5.x

Cited by 538 publications

(400 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Clinical severity was assessed using the Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia scale (CGI-SCH) (Haro et al, 2003c), which evaluated positive, negative, cognitive, depressive and overall symptoms in the week before the day of assessment. This physician-rated scale ranges from 1 (not ill) to 7 (among the most severely ill).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Symptomatic remission and patient quality of life in an observational study of schizophrenia: Is there a relationship?

Haro

Novick

Perrin³

et al. 2014

Psychiatry Research

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This analysis aimed to examine the association between remission and quality of life (QOL) in schizophrenia. In post-hoc analyses of the 3-year, prospective, observational Schizophrenia Outpatients Health Outcomes (SOHO) study, we compared the QOL of patients who achieved symptomatic and clinical remission with those who did not, and the factors associated. Symptomatic remission was defined as achieving a score of ≤ 3 on the Clinical Global ImpressionsSchizophrenia (CGI-SCH) scale, maintained for at least 6 months and without hospitalization. QOL was patient self-rated using the European-QOL. Of the 6516 patients analysed, 38% were in symptomatic remission 12 months post-baseline and 52% at 36 months. Functional remission remained fairly constant from 12 months to 36 months (22.4% at both time points). At all visits from 12 to 36 months, patient QOL and social functioning were significantly higher for patients in symptomatic remission. QOL was higher in patients in functional remission compared to those not in functional remission at all time points. Patients with maintained symptomatic remission over the 3-year follow-up had a much greater improvement in QOL than patients with no symptomatic remission or symptomatic remission for part of the period. Factors associated with a better QOL included symptomatic remission, paid employment, socially active, having a higher CGI-SCH cognitive score, good compliance, and a better baseline QOL. Achieving symptomatic remission in schizophrenia is associated with an increase in patient self-perceived QOL, even when adjusting for confounding factors.

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confidence: 99%

“…Further details about the design of the SOHO study and the results at 6 months and 3 years have been provided elsewhere (Haro et al, 2003a;2003b;2003c;Haro et al, 2005;Haro et al, 2006).…”

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confidence: 99%

Symptomatic remission and patient quality of life in an observational study of schizophrenia: Is there a relationship?

Haro

Novick

Perrin³

et al. 2014

Psychiatry Research

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“…All participants were administered the following clinical scales : MINI (Sheehan et al 1998) ; YBOCS (Goodman et al 1989a, b) ; Clinical Global Impression Scale for schizophrenia (CGI-Sch ; Haro et al 2003) ; Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS ; Sheehan et al 1996) and the Montgomery-Å sberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS ; Montgomery & Å sberg, 1979).…”

Section: Clinical Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

The neuropsychology of the schizo-obsessive subtype of schizophrenia: a new analysis

et al. 2009

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Background. Interest in the neuro-cognitive profile of patients with schizophrenia and co-morbid obsessive compulsive disorder (schizo-OCD) is rising in response to reports of high co-morbidity rates. Whereas schizophrenia has been associated with global impairment in a wide range of neuro-cognitive domains, OCD is associated with specific deficits featuring impaired performance on tasks of motor and cognitive inhibition involving frontostriatal neurocircuitry.Method. We compared cognitive function using the CANTAB battery in patients with schizo-OCD (n=12) and a schizophrenia group without OCD symptoms (n=16). The groups were matched for IQ, gender, age, medication, and duration of illness.Results. The schizo-OCD patients made significantly more errors on a task of attentional set-shifting (ID-ED set-shift task). By contrast, no significant differences emerged on the Stockings of Cambridge task, the Cambridge Gamble Task or the Affective Go/NoGo tasks. No correlation emerged between ID-ED performance and severity of schizophrenia, OCD or depressive symptoms, consistent with neurocognitive impairment holding trait rather than statemarker status. Schizo-obsessives also exhibited a trend toward more motor tics emphasizing a neurological contribution to the disorder. Conclusion.Our findings reveal a more severe attentional set-shifting deficit and neurological abnormality that may be fundamental to the neuro-cognitive profile of schizo-OCD. The clinical implications of these impairments merit further exploration in larger studies.

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“…The CGI-SCH is not a gold standard and there is no evidence that the CGI-SCH has perfect linearity; this was merely an assumption to allow modification of the BPRS under a determinate condition. For the CGI-SCH, only a certain degree of reliability has been reported [3,22,23]. Nonetheless, we thought that this kind of simplification was unavoidable and the trade-off necessary, even if this assumption would sacrifice rigor to some extent in exchange for examining the degree of an abstract value such as "linearity".…”

Section: Figure 5 An Example Of a Potential Modified 18-item Bprs Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Modification of the Relative Weightings of Symptoms Utilizing a Logistic Function to Enhance the Linearity of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale: A Retrospective Analysis

Sawamura¹,

Morishita²,

Ishigooka³

2012

JBBS

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Introduction: Although the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) is widely used for evaluating patients with schizophrenia, the meaning of the weights of the individual symptoms is ambiguous. The aims of the study were 1) to investigate whether the modification of relative weights of items of the BPRS is able to enhance its correlation with the Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia scale (CGI-SCH) and 2) to construct a potential modified BPRS. Methods: We evaluated 200 schizophrenia patients using the BPRS and the CGI-SCH and drew the scatter plot distributions of the two scales. Next, univariate regression for the CGI-SCH using individual symptoms of the BPRS was performed. Multivariate regression utilizing the "logistic function" was then conducted to allocate marks to each item and Pearson's r correlation coefficient and r-squared between the two scales were assessed. After that, we constructed an example of a potential modified BPRS. Results: With the scatter plot for the two scales, a logarithmic curve was obtained; this was described by [CGI-SCH] = 3.2248 × ln[18-item BPRS] -7.2044 (p < 0.001). Pearson's r for the relationship between the scales was 0.8216 and r-squared was 0.7718 (both p < 0.001). The univariate regression indicated a positive association between all symptoms of the BPRS and the CGI-SCH, although some of them were significant (p < 0.05) and others were not (p ≥ 0.05). Multivariate regression utilizing a logistic function provided the values "P i " that could express the relative weights of individual symptoms. Subsequently, modification of point allocations according to "P i " yielded a Pearson's r of 0.8491 and an r-squared of 0.7718 (not changed) (both p < 0.001). An example of a potential modified BPRS was constructed. Conclusions: Within the limits of our data, the weightings of items of the BPRS improved the correlation of the BPRS with the CGI-SCH for evaluating schizophrenia.

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The Clinical Global Impression–Schizophrenia scale: a simple instrument to measure the diversity of symptoms present in schizophrenia

Cited by 538 publications

References 26 publications

Symptomatic remission and patient quality of life in an observational study of schizophrenia: Is there a relationship?

Symptomatic remission and patient quality of life in an observational study of schizophrenia: Is there a relationship?

The neuropsychology of the schizo-obsessive subtype of schizophrenia: a new analysis

A Modification of the Relative Weightings of Symptoms Utilizing a Logistic Function to Enhance the Linearity of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale: A Retrospective Analysis

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