The clinical effect of glutathione on skin color and other related skin conditions: A systematic review

Dilokthornsakul, Witoo; Dhippayom, Teerapon; Dilokthornsakul, Piyameth

doi:10.1111/jocd.12910

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Photoaging is a complex process of the effect of UVB irradiation on skin, which is a visual phenotype presented as skin wrinkle, laxity and decreased elasticity. UVB-induced oxidative stress leads to the production of ROS, which causes damage to cells a lot, including the downregulation of GSH (7,24). Normally, production and scavenging for ROS are in a dynamic balance; the same balance is also performed on GSH/GSSG value as ROS in human body.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Phlorotanin, 6,6′‐bieckol from Ecklonia cava, Against Photoaging by Inhibiting MMP‐1, ‐3 and ‐9 Expression on UVB‐induced HaCaT Keratinocytes

Xiao

Yang

et al. 2021

Photochem & Photobiology

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Skin is the outmost layer of human and sustains most of the external UVB irradiation, which possibly causes the skin photoaging. As a natural antioxidant, marine natural products have been paid more and more attention to their positive effects on photoaging. 6,6 0 -bieckol is a phlorotanin isolated from Ecklonia cava, while its antiphotoaging bioactivity and mechanism have not been clear yet. This study proves that 6,6 0 -bieckol enhances cells viability and decreases the level of ROS in UVB-induced human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) cells. It also resulted in significant downregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), p-c-Fos, phosphorylated JNK, p38, IjB and p65. In addition, molecular docking also showed that 6,6 0 -bieckol could bind to MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-9. Finally, it was proved that 6,6 0 -bieckol acts on MMPs through the MAPK/AP-1 and NF-jB pathways to reduce UVB-induced oxidative stress damage in HaCaT cells. Therefore, 6,6 0 -bieckol is a functional food and skin care ingredient with great potential in preventing photoaging.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Phlorotanin, 6,6′‐bieckol from Ecklonia cava, Against Photoaging by Inhibiting MMP‐1, ‐3 and ‐9 Expression on UVB‐induced HaCaT Keratinocytes

Xiao

Yang

et al. 2021

Photochem & Photobiology

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“…A systematic review performed by Dulokthornsakul et al also stated there was a trend that glutathione might lighten skin color at sun-exposed areas. However, its skin-whitening effect was still inconclusive, with its inconsistent findings from several studies [13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systemic Glutathione as a Skin-Whitening Agent in Adult

Sitohang

Ninditya

2020

Dermatology Research and Practice

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Objectives. To compare the efficacy and safety profiles of systemic glutathione as a skin-whitening agent in adults from several randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods. This study is an evidence-based case report with literature search conducted on Clinical Key, Cochrane, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, Taylor and Francis Online, ScienceDirect, and PubMed databases. Three relevant RCTs were extracted and assessed for validity, importance, and applicability. Results. From 3 included trials, one of the studies opposed glutathione as a skin-whitening agent. However, the other two showed significant results only to some parts of the body or to certain age groups. As a skin-whitening agent, studies showed that glutathione yielded other cosmetic benefits as it may improve skin elasticity and reduce skin wrinkles. Furthermore, glutathione was well tolerated in oral preparations, but not in parenteral preparations. Conclusions. Highest-evidence literatures showed that glutathione is not beneficial enough as a skin-whitening agent as it was only effective in some parts of the body and did not elicit long-lasting effects. However, its safety profiles in oral preparations were well tolerated. More researches regarding the time needed for skin color to return to its original state following drug withdrawal need to be conducted as it is yet to be discovered.

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“…These include its inhibitory effect on tyrosinase enzyme, its ability to modify the melanogenesis process from the darker eumelanin to the lighter phaeomelanin, and its strong free radical scavenging properties [179]. Due to limited absorption and bioavailability of glutathione in oral form [180], topical application strategies have expanded, notably the use of topical GSSG for skin whitening and improving skin conditions and that of a GSH-loaded dissolving microneedle patch prepared with hyaluronic acid [181,182], to improve skin permeability, while reducing the unpleasant odor of GSH.…”

Section: Glutathione and Thioredoxin Antioxidant Systems In The Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shedding a New Light on Skin Aging, Iron- and Redox-Homeostasis and Emerging Natural Antioxidants

Pourzand

Albieri-Borges²,

Raczek³

2022

Antioxidants

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are necessary for normal cell signaling and the antimicrobial defense of the skin. However excess production of ROS can disrupt the cellular redox balance and overwhelm the cellular antioxidant (AO) capacity, leading to oxidative stress. In the skin, oxidative stress plays a key role in driving both extrinsic and intrinsic aging. Sunlight exposure has also been a major contributor to extrinsic photoaging of the skin as its oxidising components disrupt both redox- and iron-homeostasis, promoting oxidative damage to skin cells and tissue constituents. Upon oxidative insults, the interplay between excess accumulation of ROS and redox-active labile iron (LI) and its detrimental consequences to the skin are often overlooked. In this review we have revisited the oxidative mechanisms underlying skin damage and aging by focussing on the concerted action of ROS and redox-active LI in the initiation and progression of intrinsic and extrinsic skin aging processes. Based on these, we propose to redefine the selection criteria for skin antiaging and photoprotective ingredients to include natural antioxidants (AOs) exhibiting robust redox–balancing and/or iron-chelating properties. This would promote the concept of natural-based or bio-inspired bifunctional anti-aging and photoprotective ingredients for skincare and sunscreen formulations with both AO and iron-chelating properties.

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The clinical effect of glutathione on skin color and other related skin conditions: A systematic review

Cited by 18 publications

References 23 publications

A Phlorotanin, 6,6′‐bieckol from Ecklonia cava, Against Photoaging by Inhibiting MMP‐1, ‐3 and ‐9 Expression on UVB‐induced HaCaT Keratinocytes

A Phlorotanin, 6,6′‐bieckol from Ecklonia cava, Against Photoaging by Inhibiting MMP‐1, ‐3 and ‐9 Expression on UVB‐induced HaCaT Keratinocytes

Systemic Glutathione as a Skin-Whitening Agent in Adult

Shedding a New Light on Skin Aging, Iron- and Redox-Homeostasis and Emerging Natural Antioxidants

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