The Climatology of Hail in North America

ChangnonJr., Stanley A.

doi:10.1007/978-1-935704-30-0_5

Cited by 12 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The pioneering works dealing with hail climatology were those by Changnon (, , ) for the United States. The (1977) paper noted that the lee side of the Rocky Mountains is an area where hail is both frequent and intense.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hail climatology in Serbia

Ćurić

Janc

2015

Intl Journal of Climatology

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This study investigates the spatial and temporal characteristics of hail frequency in Serbia during the period 1949-2012. Two areas covering the whole territory of Serbia are treated: a complex terrain area (CTA) and a flat terrain area (FTA). Our research shows that the highest hail frequencies were found in the southwestern mountainous part of the country in the warm season. In the cold season, the area of maximum hail frequency lies in the region of the Sava and the Danube rivers. During the warm season, the highest hail frequencies are recorded in May and June and the smallest in August and September. This spatial pattern is influenced by the passages of the prevailing fronts, surface air temperatures and the convection enhancement by the mountains during the year. The trends of mean hail frequency are negative, except for the FTA in the dry season (August-September) and the cold season, in which nonparametric methods do not show any trends. The highest hail frequency area does not show any trend in the warm season, but interdecadal variability is significant. In general, the CTA has a greater mean hail frequency for all treated seasons. In contrast, the FTA has a greater maximum of mean hail frequency per station in the dry (August-September) and cold seasons. Although very small, the territory of Serbia also shows other peculiarities. In the last decade, the FTA has shown a strong positive trend of mean hail frequency as opposed to the CTA. This is due to the fact that the ridge of the Azores high extended over the CTA more frequently than before 2000.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hail climatology in Serbia

Ćurić

Janc

2015

Intl Journal of Climatology

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“…1973, Anon 1979. Hail may be induced by macroscale weather patterns, mountains, large lakes and large cities, but often the reasons for its geographic variation are not known (Changnon 1977). In one study (Paul 1968) some 3-70Jo of hailstorms were found to produce stones more than 3 em in diameter.…”

Section: General Hail Climatologymentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In Illinois, hailstreaks are typically 1.8 km wide and 95 km long. The number of hailstones per square metre may vary within a streak from under l 00 to over 300 over distances as little as 300 m (Changnon 1977).…”

Section: General Hail Climatologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In one study (Paul 1968) some 3-70Jo of hailstorms were found to produce stones more than 3 em in diameter. In North America the average annual direct damage by hailstorms to crops is about $200 000 000 at 1983 prices (Changnon 1977).…”

Section: General Hail Climatologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although hail is well known as a major cause of damage to agricultural and horticultural crops in many parts of the world (Changnon 1977), there is surprisingly little detailed information on damage to forest trees. Severe damage to forests Downloaded by [University of Washington Libraries] at 16:55 17 March 2015 has been noted in Britain (Davies 1961), continental Europe (Tanner 1953, Bucher 1979 and North America (Phillips 1910, Riley 1953, Benjamin 1957, Linzon 1962.…”

Section: Generalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hail damage in Australian pine plantations I. Nature and extent of damage

Cremer

1984

Australian Forestry

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From data gathered on twenty hailstorms which severely damaged pine plantations in various parts of Australia during the past decade, and from a review of the literature, an analysis is presented of the nature and effects of hail damage on Pinus radiata and Pinus elliottii.Meterorological data from Australia indicate that plantations in this country are likely to experience about two physically damaging hailstorms per 35-year rotation, and scars left by the impact of hailstones tend to confirm this.Hailstones knocked needle fascicles and thin shoots off the trees and thus caused up to 70o/o defoliation. They also killed 1-4 em wide patches of bark and cambium where the bark was thin, i.e. on limbs, and the top 6-12 m of the stem. More serious damage resulted when these physical injuries were followed by shoot dieback associated with infection by Diplodia pinea. Except for vigorous young ( <6 yr) plants, all classes of trees were susceptible to the dieback, largely irrespective of dominance, vigour, site quality, stand density and drought stress. Many trees died, but most recovered in about 2 to 4 years. Those that had lost several metres of their leader developed badly deformed stems.During 1971-80, dieback necessitated the salvage of about 100 000 m' of stem wood per year, i.e. about 3.6% of the total harvests.

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Severe storm damage and short‐term weather stresses on corn: A review

Lindsey,

Ortez,

Thomison

et al. 2024

Crop Science

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Adverse weather conditions from acute events (e.g., storms causing lodging, flooding, or hail) or short‐duration weather patterns (i.e., periods of cold events; extended waterlogged field conditions) can result in yield losses, though management practices may play key roles in aiding with crop recovery or avoidance of these stress events. This review summarizes current knowledge (with emphasis placed on the US Midwest) related to corn response to short‐term weather stresses of (i) cold temperature, (ii) excess water, (iii) hail/defoliation damage, and (iv) wind damage. Each section presents summaries of how corn growth and yield are affected, provides context into past events experienced, identifies agronomic or production recommendations to correct or alleviate the stress condition, and proposes areas where future research is needed. This review also highlights challenges associated with controlled simulation work on these stressors, and also identifies key areas to expand future research efforts. In general, yield losses associated with strong storms and short‐term weather events often ranged from 5% to 35%, but extreme cases could result in up to 80%–100% yield loss. Much of the literature on these topics was published prior to 1995, though it still forms the basis for modern agronomic guidance, which is problematic given the changes in agriculture in the last 20 years in management practices, available genetics and technologies, and changing environmental conditions. Revisiting these foundational studies and expanding them to examine current and future weather conditions are critical for better informing agronomic recommendations, for devising mitigation strategies, and for determining accurate yield loss expectations following these stresses.

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The Climatology of Hail in North America

Cited by 12 publications

References 44 publications

Hail climatology in Serbia

Hail climatology in Serbia

Hail damage in Australian pine plantations I. Nature and extent of damage

Severe storm damage and short‐term weather stresses on corn: A review

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