The classification of children's psychiatric symptoms: A factor-analytic study.

Abstract

Symptoms from the case histories of 300 male and 300 female child psychiatric patients were analyzed, separately for each sex, by the principal-factor method with quartimax, varimax, and oblimin rotations. Classification of the Ss according to the 1st principal factor and the reliable rotated factors showed that symptom clusterings at 2 levels of generality were present: there was a general polar dichotomy given the label Internalizing versus Externalizing, and there were several specific syndromes, some resembling traditional psychiatric diagnoses and some peculiar to certain developmental stages. Biographical differences among the Ss suggested that the Internalizing-Externalizing dichotomy and those specific syndromes subsumed by it reflected differences in socialization, while the syndromes not subsumed by it did not reflect socialization differences. The factors obtained can be used to classify child psychiatric patients for research purposes.

Statistical modelling studies examining the dimensional structure of psychopathology experienced by adults with intellectual disabilities: Systematic review

“…Two studies reported that the dimensional models of psychopathology were more strongly associated with measures of longitudinal outcome of mental ill-health (van Os et al,1996;van Os et al, 1999) and one concluded that they were similar and complementary (Dikeos et al, 2006) One focus of early research on dimensional models of psychopathology was psychopathology experienced by children and young people. This initial evidence supported the concept of internalising and externalising dimensions of psychopathology (Achenbach 1966;Achenbach et al, 1987). More recent studies also support the existence of internalising and externalising dimensions in adults (Krueger 1999;Slade 2007).…”

Externalizing disorders: Cluster 5 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11

“…Clark, 2005 ;Krueger, 2005), the core psychological feature of diverse common forms of psychopathology is distress or negative emotionality, and the core feature of externalizing forms of psychopathology is disinhibited distress. The term ' externalizing ' is frequently encountered in the literature, and the use of the term recognizes the seminal work of Achenbach (1966) on the empirical structure of psychopathology. Use of the term ' externalizing ' also explicitly links the child and adult literatures, which both reveal the existence of a coherent group of disinhibitory disorders that lead to externalized forms of distress.…”

Habilidades Sociais como Preditoras de Problemas de Comportamento em Escolares

“…Independentemente de seus fatores determinantes, a Psicopatologia Infantil (Achenbach, 1966) classifica os problemas de comportamento em dois grandes grupos: internalizantes (PCI) e externalizantes (PCE), que podem ser associados aos conceitos de excesso e déficit comportamental. Del Prettee Del Prette (2005) indicam que os PCI se expressam basicamente em relação ao próprio indivíduo, são caracterizados pelo excesso de tristeza, retraimento, timidez, insegurança, medos e inibição excessiva, e estão associados a transtornos psicológicos como depressão, ansiedade, fobia social e queixas somáticas (como dor de cabeça ou de estômago, náuseas e insônia).…”