The Clacton Flint industry: A new interpretation

Warren, S. Hazzledine

doi:10.1016/s0016-7878(51)80003-8

Cited by 45 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Ashton et al., 1994). The Clactonian, a core-and-flake industry initially described from Clacton-on-Sea, Essex (Warren, 1951, 1955; Bridgland et al, 1999), first occurs within Hoxnian sediments representing the earliest post-diversion aggradation of the Thames (Bridgland, 1994). The existence of the Clactonian as a discrete Palaeolithic industry has been much debated (Ashton and McNabb, 1994; McNabb and Ashton, 1995; White, 2000) but a consensus has emerged in support of its distinctness and temporal separation from the Acheulian with its characteristic hand-axes (cf.…”

Section: Discussion: Testing the New Aminostratigraphymentioning

confidence: 99%

An aminostratigraphy for the British Quaternary based on Bithynia opercula

Penkman

Preece

Bridgland

et al. 2013

Quaternary Science Reviews

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Aminostratigraphies of Quaternary non-marine deposits in Europe have been previously based on the racemization of a single amino acid in aragonitic shells from land and freshwater molluscs. The value of analysing multiple amino acids from the opercula of the freshwater gastropod Bithynia, which are composed of calcite, has been demonstrated. The protocol used for the isolation of intra-crystalline proteins from shells has been applied to these calcitic opercula, which have been shown to more closely approximate a closed system for indigenous protein residues. Original amino acids are even preserved in bithyniid opercula from the Eocene, showing persistence of indigenous organics for over 30 million years. Geochronological data from opercula are superior to those from shells in two respects: first, in showing less natural variability, and second, in the far better preservation of the intra-crystalline proteins, possibly resulting from the greater stability of calcite. These features allow greater temporal resolution and an extension of the dating range beyond the early Middle Pleistocene. Here we provide full details of the analyses for 480 samples from 100 horizons (75 sites), ranging from Late Pliocene to modern. These show that the dating technique is applicable to the entire Quaternary. Data are provided from all the stratotypes from British stages to have yielded opercula, which are shown to be clearly separable using this revised method. Further checks on the data are provided by reference to other type-sites for different stages (including some not formally defined). Additional tests are provided by sites with independent geochronology, or which can be associated with a terrace stratigraphy or biostratigraphy. This new aminostratigraphy for the non-marine Quaternary deposits of southern Britain provides a framework for understanding the regional geological and archaeological record. Comparison with reference to sites yielding independent geochronology, in combination with other lines of evidence, allows tentative correlation with the marine oxygen isotope record.

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Section: Discussion: Testing the New Aminostratigraphymentioning

confidence: 99%

An aminostratigraphy for the British Quaternary based on Bithynia opercula

Penkman

Preece

Bridgland

et al. 2013

Quaternary Science Reviews

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“…The Clactonian (Warren 1922;1951;Breuil 1932) is the archetypal core and flake industry for north-west Europe. It is traditionally defined by the absence of handaxes and by the use of a primitive mode of core technology producing unstandardised, voluminous cores and thick wide flakes with high flaking angles, prominent bulbs, and large unfaceted platforms (Chandler 1930;Breuil 1932;Oakley & Leakey 1937;Warren 1951;Wymer 1968). The classic interpretation of the Clactonian maintains that it represents a distinct non-handaxe making tradition, with little relationship to the Acheulean but with close affinities to the chopper-tool complexes of eastern Europe and Asia (Oakley 1949;Warren 1951;Wymer 1968).…”

Section: The Clactonian and The Island Britain Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Island Britain – Peninsula Britain: Palaeogeography, Colonisation, and the Lower Palaeolithic Settlement of the British Isles

White¹,

Schreve

2000

Proc. Prehist. Soc.

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Further information on publisher's website:http://www.ucl.ac.uk/prehistoric/pps/contents/contentsbyvolume.html66Publisher's copyright statement:Additional information: Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details.

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“…Long--established patterns of artefact distribution in time: Modes 1, 2 & 3 It has been evident for many years that at a number of British localities 'Mode 1' assemblages (i.e. those lacking handaxes or evidence of handaxe manufacture), usually attributed to the Clactonian Industry (Breuil 1932;Warren 1951;White 2000), occur stratigraphically below 'Mode 2' assemblages (i.e. those containing handaxes or evidence of handaxe manufacture).…”

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confidence: 99%

Fluvial archives as a framework for the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic: patterns of British artefact distribution and potential chronological implications

Bridgland

White

2014

Boreas

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The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. With the adoption of an 'expanded chronology' for the Middle Pleistocene, based on the greater number of warm and cold episodes evident in the marine oxygen isotope record from deep ocean cores, has come the recognition of a meaningful progression of artefact types, something that could not be achieved with reference to the previous 'compressed chronology'. In Britain, at least, it has been established that Levallois knapping techniques appeared in MIS 9-8, that bout coupé handaxes are indicative of MIS 3 and, rather more tentatively, that assemblages with twisted ovate handaxes in significant numbers represent MIS 11 occupation. Added to these key markers, it is now possible to suggest that further tool types occur preferentially in deposits of particular age: assemblages with significant proportions of cleavers and 'ficron' handaxes appear to be correlated with deposits formed at around the time of the MIS 9 interglacial. This newly recognized patterning within the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic record differs markedly from the previous use, in the mid--20 th

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The Clacton Flint industry: A new interpretation

Cited by 45 publications

References 7 publications

An aminostratigraphy for the British Quaternary based on Bithynia opercula

An aminostratigraphy for the British Quaternary based on Bithynia opercula

Island Britain – Peninsula Britain: Palaeogeography, Colonisation, and the Lower Palaeolithic Settlement of the British Isles

Fluvial archives as a framework for the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic: patterns of British artefact distribution and potential chronological implications

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