THE CIRCUITRY OF V1 AND V2: Integration of Color, Form, and Motion

Sincich, Lawrence C.; Horton, Jonathan C.

doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135731

Cited by 390 publications

(351 citation statements)

References 137 publications

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“…Functional anatomical studies are known to be affected by methodological difficulties in the alignment of the functional data to histologically processed preparations, as has been frequently stated by several authors (Polimeni et al, 2005;Sincich and Horton, 2005;Xiao et al, 2007;Adams and Horton, 2009). Different methodological approaches have been developed to overcome such difficulties.…”

Section: Alignment Of Functional Data With Anatomical Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Color Blobs in Cortical Areas V1 and V2 of the New World Monkey Callithrix jacchus, Revealed by Non-Differential Optical Imaging

Salzmann¹,

Bartels²,

Logothetis³

et al. 2012

Journal of Neuroscience

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Color vision is reserved to only few mammals, such as Old World monkeys and humans. Most Old World monkeys are trichromats. Among them, macaques were shown to exhibit functional domains of color-selectivity, in areas V1 and V2 of the visual cortex. Such color domains have not yet been shown in New World monkeys. In marmosets a sex-linked dichotomy results in dichromatic and trichromatic genotypes, rendering most male marmosets color-blind. Here we used trichromatic female marmosets to examine the intrinsic signal response in V1 and V2 to chromatic and achromatic stimuli, using optical imaging. To activate the subsystems individually, we used spatially homogeneous isoluminant color opponent (red/green, blue/yellow) and hue versus achromatic flicker (red/gray, green/gray, blue/gray, yellow/gray), as well as achromatic luminance flicker. In contrast to previous optical imaging studies in marmosets, we find clearly segregated color domains, similar to those seen in macaques. Red/green and red/gray flicker were found to be the appropriate stimulus for revealing color domains in single-condition maps. Blue/gray and blue/yellow flicker stimuli resulted in faint patch-patterns. A recently described multimodal vessel mapping approach allowed for an accurate alignment of the functional and anatomical datasets. Color domains were tightly colocalized with cytochrome oxidase blobs in V1 and with thin stripes in V2. Thus, our findings are in accord with 2-Deoxy-D-glucose studies performed in V1 of macaques and studies on color representation in V2. Our results suggest a similar organization of early cortical color processing in trichromats of both Old World and New World monkeys.

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Section: Alignment Of Functional Data With Anatomical Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reports on PC and MC inputs to V1 are contradictory, but some find preferences for PC projections to blobs and MC projections to interblobs (via layer 4C␣) (Sincich and Horton, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Color Blobs in Cortical Areas V1 and V2 of the New World Monkey Callithrix jacchus, Revealed by Non-Differential Optical Imaging

Salzmann¹,

Bartels²,

Logothetis³

et al. 2012

Journal of Neuroscience

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“…Visual area V2 is the second major area in the visual cortex and the first region within the visual association area. Visual area V2 receives most of the V1 output and sends strong connections to V3, V4, and V5 (Merriam et al, 2007;Sincich and Horton, 2005). The lateral geniculate nucleus not only provides feed forward input to V1, but also receives robust feedback (corticogeniculate feedback) from V2 and extrastriate visual cortical areas (Briggs and Usrey, 2007).…”

Section: Retinotopic Organization Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase-rmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual perception and imagery: A new molecular hypothesis

Bókkon

2009

Biosystems

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Here, we put forward a redox molecular hypothesis about the natural biophysical substrate of visual perception and visual imagery. This hypothesis is based on the redox and bioluminescent processes of neuronal cells in retinotopically organized cytochrome oxidaserich visual areas. Our hypothesis is in line with the functional roles of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in living cells that are not part of haphazard process, but rather a very strict mechanism used in signaling pathways. We point out that there is a direct relationship between neuronal activity and the biophoton emission process in the brain. Electrical and biochemical processes in the brain represent sensory information from the external world. During encoding or retrieval of information, electrical signals of neurons can be converted into synchronized biophoton signals by bioluminescent radical and non-radical processes. Therefore, information in the brain appears not only as an electrical (chemical) signal but also as a regulated biophoton (weak optical) signal inside neurons.During visual perception, the topological distribution of photon stimuli on the retina is represented by electrical neuronal activity in retinotopically organized visual areas. These retinotopic electrical signals in visual neurons can be converted into synchronized biophoton signals by radical and non-radical processes in retinotopically organized mitochondrial-rich areas. As a result, regulated bioluminescent biophotons can create intrinsic pictures (depictive representation) in retinotopically organized cytochrome oxidase-rich visual areas during visual imagery and visual perception. The long-term visual memory is interpreted as epigenetic information regulated by free radicals and redox processes. This hypothesis does not claim to solve the secret of consciousness, but proposes that the evolution of higher levels of complexity made the intrinsic picture representation of the external visual world possible by regulated redox and bioluminescent reactions in the visual system during visual perception and visual imagery.

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“…Pursuing this goal, we chose to study Macaque primary visual cortex (V1), because V1 is a cortical area where the experimenter has control of the neuronal input by controlling visual stimulation. V1 laminar inputs, outputs, and local connections are well-known (1,3,6). Signals come from the thalamus [lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)] into V1 layers 4C and 6.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Extrastriate cortical feedback targets layers 2, 3, and 6 (1,3,7). The visual functional properties of cells in different layers are markedly different (2,(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13), reflecting local circuitry that is layer-specific (1,3,6). Because of the similarities of laminar cortical circuitry throughout the cerebral cortex (14-16), we used V1 as a test bed to study laminar patterns of stimulus-driven responses.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Laminar analysis of visually evoked activity in the primary visual cortex

Xing

Yeh

Burns

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

184

166

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Studying the laminar pattern of neural activity is crucial for understanding the processing of neural signals in the cerebral cortex. We measured neural population activity [multiunit spike activity (MUA) and local field potential, LFP] in Macaque primary visual cortex (V1) in response to drifting grating stimuli. Sustained visually driven MUA was at an approximately constant level across cortical depth in V1. However, sustained, visually driven, local field potential power, which was concentrated in the γ-band (20-60 Hz), was greatest at the cortical depth corresponding to corticocortical output layers 2, 3, and 4B. γ-band power also tends to be more sustained in the output layers. Overall, cortico-cortical output layers accounted for 67% of total γ-band activity in V1, whereas 56% of total spikes evoked by drifting gratings were from layers 2, 3, and 4B. The high-resolution layer specificity of γ-band power, the laminar distribution of MUA and γ-band activity, and their dynamics imply that neural activity in V1 is generated by laminar-specific mechanisms. In particular, visual responses of MUA and γ-band activity in cortico-cortical output layers 2, 3, and 4B seem to be strongly influenced by laminar-specific recurrent circuitry and/or feedback.B ased on anatomy and neurophysiology, our view of the cerebral cortex has changed. Instead of viewing the cortex as a single network, we now conceive of the cortical laminae as a stack of loosely interconnected but distinct neuronal networks (1-5). Each lamina has different specific inputs, projection targets, and feedback connections.The goal of this study is the determination of the spatial distribution of stimulus-driven neural activity throughout the depth of the cortex and across cortical laminae. Pursuing this goal, we chose to study Macaque primary visual cortex (V1), because V1 is a cortical area where the experimenter has control of the neuronal input by controlling visual stimulation. V1 laminar inputs, outputs, and local connections are well-known (1, 3, 6). Signals come from the thalamus [lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)] into V1 layers 4C and 6. After intracortical processing, neuronal signals are routed to other cortical areas from cells in superficial layers 2, 3, and 4B of V1; subcortical targets receive cortical outputs from cells in layers 5 and 6. Extrastriate cortical feedback targets layers 2, 3, and 6 (1, 3, 7). The visual functional properties of cells in different layers are markedly different (2, 8-13), reflecting local circuitry that is layer-specific (1, 3, 6). Because of the similarities of laminar cortical circuitry throughout the cerebral cortex (14-16), we used V1 as a test bed to study laminar patterns of stimulus-driven responses.To sample from many neurons in each layer, we measured multiunit spike activity (MUA) and the local field potential (LFP) with multiple microelectrodes (Methods details the operational definitions of MUA and LFP). We measured the power in the LFP at frequencies < 100 Hz, because the largest changes in LFP power...

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THE CIRCUITRY OF V1 AND V2: Integration of Color, Form, and Motion

Cited by 390 publications

References 137 publications

Color Blobs in Cortical Areas V1 and V2 of the New World Monkey Callithrix jacchus, Revealed by Non-Differential Optical Imaging

Color Blobs in Cortical Areas V1 and V2 of the New World Monkey Callithrix jacchus, Revealed by Non-Differential Optical Imaging

Visual perception and imagery: A new molecular hypothesis

Laminar analysis of visually evoked activity in the primary visual cortex

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