The ciliate Paramecium bursaria allows budding of symbiotic Chlorella variabilis cells singly from the digestive vacuole membrane into the cytoplasm during algal reinfection

Kodama, Yuuki; Sumita, Haruka

doi:10.1007/s00709-021-01645-x

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…However, constant dark treatment noticeably reduces algae’s survival rate [ 18 ]. The surviving algae then bud from DVs, and the DV membrane differentiates into the perialgal vacuole (PV) membrane, a process found to be related to vacuole contents sizes [ 51–53 , 55 , 56 ]. Dynamin has been implicated in the budding of DV membranes, as evidenced by the significant inhibition of DV budding observed with its inhibiter, dynasore, leading to the absence of isolated algae in the cytoplasm [ 55 ].…”

Section: Ciliates and Intact Algal Symbiontsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular interactions and evolutionary origins of endosymbiotic relationships with ciliates

Song,

Zhao,

Hou

et al. 2024

The ISME Journal

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As unicellular predators, ciliates engage in close associations with diverse microbes, laying the foundation for the establishment of endosymbiosis. Originally heterotrophic, ciliates demonstrate the ability to acquire phototrophy by phagocytizing unicellular algae or by sequestering algal plastids. This adaptation enables them to gain photosynthate and develop resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions. The integration of acquired phototrophy with intrinsic phagotrophy results in a trophic mode known as mixotrophy. Additionally, ciliates can harbor thousands of bacteria in various intracellular regions, including the cytoplasm and nucleus, exhibiting species specificity. Under prolonged and specific selective pressure within hosts, bacterial endosymbionts evolve unique lifestyles and undergo particular reductions in metabolic activities. Investigating the research advancements in various endosymbiotic cases within ciliates will contribute to elucidate patterns in cellular interaction and unravel the evolutionary origins of complex traits.

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Section: Ciliates and Intact Algal Symbiontsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular interactions and evolutionary origins of endosymbiotic relationships with ciliates

Song,

Zhao,

Hou

et al. 2024

The ISME Journal

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“…These observations show that P . bursaria allows algal budding only from the DVs without microspheres, and this process requires close contact between the DV membrane and the algal cell wall (Kodama & Sumita, 2022).…”

Section: Re‐establishment Of Secondary Endosymbiosis In Paramecium Bu...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms for establishing primary and secondary endosymbiosis in Paramecium

Fujishima

Kodama

2022

J Eukaryotic Microbiology

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Primary (eukaryote and procaryote) and secondary (eukaryote and eukaryote) endosymbioses are driving forces in eukaryotic cell evolution. These phenomena are still contributing to acquire new cell structures and functions. To understand mechanisms for establishment of each endosymbiosis, experiments that can induce endosymbiosis synchronously by mixing symbionts isolated from symbiont‐bearing host cells and symbiont‐free host cells are indispensable. Recent progress on endosymbiosis using Paramecium and their endonuclear symbiotic bacteria Holospora or symbiotic green alga Chlorella has been remarkable, providing excellent opportunities for elucidating host–symbiont interactions. These organisms are now becoming model organisms to know the mechanisms for establishing primary and secondary endosymbioses. Based on experiments of many researchers, we introduce how these endosymbionts escape from the host lysosomal fusion, how they migrate in the host cytoplasm to localize specific locations within the host, how their species specificity and strain specificity of the host cells are controlled, how their life cycles are controlled, how they escape from the host cell to infect more young host cell, how they affect the host viability and gene expression, what kind of substances are needed in these phenomena, and what changes had been induced in the symbiont and the host genomes.

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“…4.3. Utility of the Devised Method for the Visualization of Cellular Stress of Endosymbionts in the P. bursaria Host Cell P. bursaria is a model organism for endosymbiosis, and the mechanisms for an initial establishment of microalga endosymbiosis with P. bursaria [7,11,13,17,20] and its maintenance are extensively researched [10,19,20,22,39,40,44,[53][54][55]. Not all exosymbiotic microalgae, which are the symbiotic algae that are isolated from the host cell and cultured in an artificial culture medium, are able to reestablish endosymbiosis within the host cell.…”

Section: Characteristics Of the Red And Yellow Fluorescence Intensity...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Method for Stress Assessment of Endosymbiotic Algae in Paramecium bursaria as a Model System for Endosymbiosis

Takahashi

2022

Microorganisms

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Endosymbiosis between heterotrophic host and microalga often breaks down because of environmental conditions, such as temperature change and exposure to toxic substances. By the time of the apparent breakdown of endosymbiosis, it is often too late for the endosymbiotic system to recover. In this study, I developed a technique for the stress assessment of endosymbiotic algae using Paramecium bursaria as an endosymbiosis model, after treatment with the herbicide paraquat, an endosymbiotic collapse inducer. Microcapillary flow cytometry was employed to evaluate a large number of cells in an approach that is more rapid than microscopy evaluation. In the assay, red fluorescence of the chlorophyll reflected the number of endosymbionts within the host cell, while yellow fluorescence fluctuated in response to the deteriorating viability of the endosymbiont under stress. Hence, the yellow/red fluorescence intensity ratio can be used as an algal stress index independent of the algal number. An optical evaluation revealed that the viability of the endosymbiotic algae within the host cell decreased after treatment with paraquat and that the remaining endosymbionts were exposed to high stress. The devised assay is a potential environmental monitoring method, applicable not only to P. bursaria but also to multicellular symbiotic units, such as corals.

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The ciliate Paramecium bursaria allows budding of symbiotic Chlorella variabilis cells singly from the digestive vacuole membrane into the cytoplasm during algal reinfection

Cited by 6 publications

References 31 publications

Cellular interactions and evolutionary origins of endosymbiotic relationships with ciliates

Cellular interactions and evolutionary origins of endosymbiotic relationships with ciliates

Mechanisms for establishing primary and secondary endosymbiosis in Paramecium

Method for Stress Assessment of Endosymbiotic Algae in Paramecium bursaria as a Model System for Endosymbiosis

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