The Chromosome Number of Man

Tjio, J. H.; Levan, Albert

doi:10.1111/j.1601-5223.1956.tb03010.x

Cited by 944 publications

(134 citation statements)

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“…The latter observation ignored the cytogenetic and metabolic patterns observed by Hansemann and Warburg, respectively, in tumor tissues, perhaps because of the scarcity of available knowledge. The correct number of human chromosomes was determined only in the 1950s (Tijo and Levan, 1956); normal cells were believed to be immortal (Carrel and Ebeling, 1921); and cyclins, proteins responsible for controlling cell-cycle progression, were discovered only in 1982s (Evans et al, 1983).…”

Section: The Warburg Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic reprogramming of the tumor

2012

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Cancer is classically considered as a genetic and, more recently, epigenetic multistep disease. Despite seminal studies in the 1920s by Warburg showing a characteristic metabolic pattern for tumors, cancer bioenergetics has often been relegated to the backwaters of cancer biology. This review aims to provide a historical account on cancer metabolism research, and to try to integrate and systematize the metabolic strategies in which cancer cells engage to overcome selective pressures during their inception and evolution. Implications of this renovated view on some common concepts and in therapeutics are also discussed.

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Section: The Warburg Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic reprogramming of the tumor

2012

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“…5 As a result of newborn screening guidance, health care providers have ordered genetic testing on virtually every newborn in their care during the last 5 decades and have been expected to provide both short-and long-term follow-up for those patients. With the establishment in 1956 that the human chromosome complement is 46 chromosomes 6 and the discovery in 1959 that trisomy of chromosome 21 is the cause of Down syndrome, 7 the use of cytogenetics for diagnosis became part of the practice of primary care.…”

Section: History Of Genetics In Primary Carementioning

confidence: 99%

Primary Care and Genetics and Genomics

Scott

Trotter

2013

Pediatrics

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With the recent expansion of genetic science, its evolving translation to clinical medicine, and the growing number of available resources for genomics in primary care, the primary care provider must increasingly integrate genetics and genomics into daily practice. Because primary care medicine combines the treatment of acute illness with disease prevention and anticipatory guidance, the primary care provider is in an ideal position to evaluate and treat patients for genetic disease. The notion that genetic knowledge is only rarely needed will have to be replaced with a comprehensive approach that integrates “genetic thinking” into every patient encounter. Genomic competencies will need to be added to the primary care provider’s repertoire; such competencies include prevention, assessment, evaluation, and diagnosis of genetic conditions; the ordering and interpreting of genetic tests; communication with families; appropriate referrals; and the management or comanagement of care. The process of deciding when to order genetic tests, what tests to order, and how to interpret the results is complex, and the tests and their results have specific risks and benefits, especially for pediatric patients. The longitudinal nature of primary pediatric care provides the opportunity to obtain and continually update the family history, which is the most powerful initial genetic “test.” The ongoing provider–family relationship, coupled with the astounding number of advances in genetic and genomic testing, also necessitates a constant re-evaluation of past diagnosis or nondiagnosis.

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“…Experimental proof of some of Boveri's predictions required the development of adequate cytogenetic techniques for counting and characterizing individual mammalian chromosomes. For instance, before the establishment of the correct chromosome number (i.e., 46), by Tjio andLevan, in 1956 (Tjio &Levan, 1956), the observation of 48 chromosomes in human tumors was accepted as normal, as this number was thought to represent the normal diploid number (Painter, 1921).…”

Section: The Chromosome Theories Of Cancer Formation: From Hansemann mentioning

confidence: 99%