The cholinergic system‐dependent myoclonus of the baboon papio is a reticular reflex myoclonus

Abstract

Neurophysiological studies were performed on four Papio papio baboons presenting with nonepileptic myoclonus (a startle response resembling stimulus-sensitive jerk). Investigations of the EEG, back-averaged EEG, and somatosensory evoked potentials revealed the absence of cortical correlates preceding the jerks, and exclusion of cerebral cortex involvement. No long-latency reflexes could be recorded in these animals. The jerks were symmetric when evoked by unilateral stimulation in normal baboons as well as in a split-brain animal. Polymyographic records showed that the first muscle involved during the jerk was the trapezius; other muscles were involved with latencies increasing in both cranial and caudal directions. From these data, nonepileptic myoclonus of baboons can be classified as a reticular reflex myoclonus. The involvement of cranial nerves did not follow the layout of the nuclei in the brainstem, indicating that the jerk is most likely generated as a complete movement. The generating structure is probably under cholinergic control. Finally, the Papio papio baboon, which was already known as a model for cortical myoclonus elicited by intermittent photic stimulation in predisposed animals, can also be considered a model for the study of the reticular reflex myoclonus.

A neurophysiological study of myoclonus in patients with DYT11 myoclonus‐dystonia syndrome

“…Under these conditions, the latencies of the startle responses suggest the presence a brainstem generator. Similarly, in the prototype Papio‐papio baboon model, reflex myoclonic seizures and brainstem‐generated jerks may simultaneously occur in response to various types of stimuli or stressing situations 37, 38…”

Anticholinergic responsive cyclic myoclonus

“…In fact, earlier studies have shown that the cholinergic system could play a role in myoclonus. 5,6 Disturbance of circadian rhythm also implies that the reticular activating system could also be involved in this case.…”