The Choline Content of Animal and Plant Products

Engel, R. W.

doi:10.1093/jn/25.5.441

Cited by 79 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Our data for full-cream cow's milk (0.94 mmol/l) is also in agreement with those of Engel [9] (1.1 mmol/l) and Holmes-McNary [14] (1.2 mmol/l). Engel found the (total) choline content of dried skimmed milk was one third greater than in dried whole milk.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…There seemed to be two possible explanations: either there was an additional endogenous source of betaine or choline, or there were additional sources of choline in milk. Earlier work using hydrolysis of all choline esters in breast milk yielded higher levels of total choline [9] than those found by Zeisel et al [24] who had detected free choline, the phospholipids phosphatidylcholine (lecithin; PtdCho) and sphingomyelin (SM) but not two low molecular weight aqueous esters of choline which are widespread in cells, i.e. phosphocholine (PC) and glycerophosphocholine (GPC) (Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Using NMR it is also possible to measure phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) and sphingomyelin (SM) after a simple organic solvent extraction. We also studied cow's milk and some formula feeds speci®cally designed for premature infants for their choline ester content and have compared our results with the data of Engel [9] and Holmes-McNary et al [14].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes in the choline content of human breast milk in the first 3 weeks after birth

Holmes¹,

Snodgrass

Iles³

2000

European Journal of Pediatrics

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

mentioning

confidence: 74%

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Changes in the choline content of human breast milk in the first 3 weeks after birth

Holmes¹,

Snodgrass

Iles³

2000

European Journal of Pediatrics

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“…This would mean that the 10 percent of wheat bran in diet 16 would alone be more than sufficient to meet the nicotinic acid requirement. According to figures published by Engel (1943), the choline chloride content of diet 16 would be about 0.16 percent whereas that of the diet used by Berry, et al, would be about that diet 16 requires supplementary methionine and that probably no other supplement is required for optimum growth. According to the usual standards, the difference between the weights of the methionine-fed chicks and the chicks fed the basal diet was highly significant in experiment 8 and significant in experiment 9.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Addition of dl-Methionine to Starting and Growing Mashes

Bird¹,

Mattingly²

1945

Poultry Science

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“…Therefore, we opted to use soybean oil as it contains linoleic acid which is essential for the piglet (Fisher et al, 2002;National Research Council, 2012), and very low levels of choline (Engel, 1943). While it has not been reported, it is suspected that the betaine content of soybean oil is low.…”

Section: Dietsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of dietary methyl donors on methionine partitioning in the neonatal piglet

Robinson

2015

Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.

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The metabolism of the indispensable amino acid methionine is critical during development. Methionine is used to synthesize protein for growth and, using the methionine cycle, it is the precursor of >50 critical nutrients and contributes to epigenetic regulation. Therefore, the dietary methionine requirement must factor all the potential roles of methioine. Three major processes summarize the methionine cycle: transmethylation (TM), which transfers methyl groups to nutrient precursors and DNA; transsulfuration (TS), which represents methionine disposal; and remethylation (RM), which resynthesizes methionine using the dietary methyl donors folate and choline (via betaine). Dietary intakes of folate vary drastically, and choline intakes are often below the adequate intakes during preganancy and in early life, which we hypothesized would influence the methionine requirement. To test our hypothesis, we fed 4--8 day old neonatal piglets a low--methionine diet that was either deficient (MD-), or replete (MS+), in dietary methyl donors. We evaluated how methionine was balanced between the major TM reactions and protein synthesis. The MD-group exhibited marked differences in TM as creatine synthesis was ≈30% less (p<0.05), and phosphatidylcholine synthesis was ≈60% more (p<0.05) during MD-feeding. Interestingly, while MD-feeding did not affect liver protein synthesis, the methionine availablity and protein synthesis were lower in skeletal muscle of the MD-vs. MS+ animals (p<0.05). Furthermore, whole body protein turnover was also reduced during MD-feeding (p<0.05), which is significant as protein turnover is especially critical during infancy. Next, we measured the effect of methyl donors on the rates of TM, TS, and RM. The rates of RM and TM were iii reduced by ≈75% in the MD-group (p<0.05), while TS was unchanged. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of individual methyl donors on RM, we 'rescued' a second group of MD-animals with betaine (MD+B), folate (MD+F) or both (MD+FB). The rate of RM and TM increased by ≈2--fold after rescue (p<0.05) and reduced protein breakdown (p<0.05). These studies showed that dietary methyl donors affect neonatal methionine metabolism, which should be considered when defining the dietary requirements of methionine during development.iv

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The Choline Content of Animal and Plant Products

Cited by 79 publications

References 12 publications

Changes in the choline content of human breast milk in the first 3 weeks after birth

Changes in the choline content of human breast milk in the first 3 weeks after birth

Addition of dl-Methionine to Starting and Growing Mashes

The effects of dietary methyl donors on methionine partitioning in the neonatal piglet

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