The chlor-alkali process: Work in Progress

Lakshmanan, Shyam; Murugesan, Thanapalan

doi:10.1007/s10098-013-0630-6

Cited by 100 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…One of the processes uses the electrolysis of sodium chloride [25]. The sodium chloride is dissolved in water to create a brine, which is then electrolyzed.…”

Section: Health Issues With the Core Elements Of Vcm: Ethylene And Chmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While this appears to be a simple enough process, the challenge is to prevent the mixing of these products. Contemporary industry uses a variety of processes to separate the cathode and anode, and their products [25]. These include the diaphragm processes, mercury processes and membrane processes ( Figure 2).…”

Section: Health Issues With the Core Elements Of Vcm: Ethylene And Chmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The membrane cell has the lowest power consumption of the three technologies [25]. The membrane cell comprises of two cells (the anode and the cathode), separated by a bilayer perfluorinated membrane.…”

Section: Health Issues With the Core Elements Of Vcm: Ethylene And Chmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sodium passes through the membrane into the cathode compartment where hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide are produced. Almost all new chlor-alkali plants being built are of the membrane process as it is considered best practice [25], despite relative absence of studies of its safety.…”

Section: Health Issues With the Core Elements Of Vcm: Ethylene And Chmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One older approach uses the mercury cell process in which mercury acts as the cathode and produces an amalgam with sodium, allowing for the release of chlorine at the anode [25]. Unsurprisingly, the mercury process presents some hazards due to the potential for occupational exposure to mercury and mercury vapors, which are neurotoxins.…”

Section: Health Issues With the Core Elements Of Vcm: Ethylene And Chmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improving the Healthiness of Sustainable Construction: Example of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

Petrović

Hamer

2018

Buildings

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Abstract:With the increasing emphasis on sustainable construction, it has become important to better understand the impacts of common materials. This is especially paramount with the introduction of the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which call for more comprehensive evaluations, adding many aspects of social consideration to the issues of environmental sustainability, including human health. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)/vinyl can be seen as a material with potential for significant adverse effects on a multiplicity of levels, and the construction industry is its single most significant consumer. This article presents a transdisciplinary review of adverse health impacts associated with PVC showing a number of issues: some that could be eliminated through design, but also some which appear inherent to the material itself and therefore unavoidable. The totality of issues revealed in relation to PVC presents a compelling case for a call for complete elimination of use of this material in sustainable construction.

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“…One of the processes uses the electrolysis of sodium chloride [25]. The sodium chloride is dissolved in water to create a brine, which is then electrolyzed.…”

Section: Health Issues With the Core Elements Of Vcm: Ethylene And Chmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Health Issues With the Core Elements Of Vcm: Ethylene And Chmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Health Issues With the Core Elements Of Vcm: Ethylene And Chmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Health Issues With the Core Elements Of Vcm: Ethylene And Chmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Health Issues With the Core Elements Of Vcm: Ethylene And Chmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Improving the Healthiness of Sustainable Construction: Example of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

Petrović

Hamer

2018

Buildings

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Molecular Nitrogen–Carbon Catalysts, Solid Metal Organic Framework Catalysts, and Solid Metal/Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon (MNC) Catalysts for the Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction

Varela

Strasser

2018

Advanced Energy Materials

182

113

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The CO2 electrochemical reduction reaction (CO2RR) is a promising technology for converting CO2 into chemicals and fuels, using surplus electricity from renewable sources. The technological viability of this process, however, is contingent on finding affordable and efficient catalysts. A range of materials containing abundant elements, such as N, C, and non‐noble metals, ranging from well‐defined immobilized complexes to doped carbon materials have emerged as a promising alternative. One of the main products of the CO2RR is CO, which is produced on these catalysts with selectivities comparable to those of noble metal catalysts. Furthermore, other valuable products, such as formic acid, hydrocarbons, and alcohols, have also been reported. The factors that control the catalytic performance of these materials, however, are not yet fully understood. A review of recent work is presented on heterogeneous nitrogen‐containing carbon catalysts for the CO2RR. The synthesis and characterization of these materials as well as their electrocatalytic performance are discussed. Combined experimental and theoretical studies are included to bring insight on the active sites and the reaction mechanism. This knowledge is key for developing optimal catalyst materials that meet the requirement in terms of activity, selectivity, and stability needed for commercial applications.

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Decoupled Electrochemical Water Splitting: From Fundamentals to Applications

McHugh

Stergiou

Symes

2020

Advanced Energy Materials

212

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rely on fossil fuels is of great importance. Renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar, and tidal energy constitute arguably the most promising of these clean energy solutions, but suffer from the fact that they are intermittent. [6] Direct power supply from these sources therefore cannot be relied upon to satisfy instantaneous energy demands. [7] A means of storing the energy generated by these renewable sources is therefore essential if we are to depend more heavily on renewably generated power. [8] Hydrogen (H 2) is often proposed in this context as a promising "carbon neutral" energy carrier (i.e., fuel). In such a system, renewably generated electricity is used to electrolyze water to generate hydrogen and oxygen. The oxygen may be vented to the atmosphere whilst the hydrogen is stored as a fuel. This hydrogen is then subsequently oxidized (either by combustion or in a fuel cell) to regenerate water and to release energy. Hydrogen is not a perfect fuel but it does have a number of attractive properties such as its low toxicity, ability to be transported safely over long distances via pipeline, [9] and its high energy density per unit mass (three times greater than that of gasoline). [10] Moreover, sustainably sourced hydrogen could be used to reduce CO 2 or N 2 from the atmosphere to generate carbon-neutral fuels and commodity chemicals such as hydrocarbons and ammonia. In many ways then, hydrogen can be viewed as the key to a sustainable energy cycle. The process of water electrolysis can be considered in terms of its two half-reactions: the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). These half-equations differ somewhat depending on the pH at which the electrolysis is carried out. At low pH, the HER and OER proceed as follows (all potentials are vs the standard hydrogen electrode, SHE)

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The chlor-alkali process: Work in Progress

Cited by 100 publications

References 24 publications

Improving the Healthiness of Sustainable Construction: Example of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

Improving the Healthiness of Sustainable Construction: Example of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

Molecular Nitrogen–Carbon Catalysts, Solid Metal Organic Framework Catalysts, and Solid Metal/Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon (MNC) Catalysts for the Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction

Decoupled Electrochemical Water Splitting: From Fundamentals to Applications

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The chlor-alkali process: Work in Progress

Cited by 100 publications

References 24 publications

Improving the Healthiness of Sustainable Construction: Example of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

Improving the Healthiness of Sustainable Construction: Example of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

Molecular Nitrogen–Carbon Catalysts, Solid Metal Organic Framework Catalysts, and Solid Metal/Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon (MNC) Catalysts for the Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Decoupled Electrochemical Water Splitting: From Fundamentals to Applications

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Molecular Nitrogen–Carbon Catalysts, Solid Metal Organic Framework Catalysts, and Solid Metal/Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon (MNC) Catalysts for the Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction