The chicken beta 2-microglobulin gene is located on a non-major histocompatibility complex microchromosome: a small, G+C-rich gene with X and Y boxes in the promoter.

Riegert, Patricia; Andersen, R.B.; Bumstead, Nat; Döhring, Christian; Dominguez‐Steglich, Marina; Engberg, Jan; Salomonsen, Jan; Schmid, Michael; Schwager, Joseph; Skjødt, Karsten; Kaufman, Jim

doi:10.1073/pnas.93.3.1243

Cited by 52 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Should chicken MICs reveal a similarly high concentration of genes, then they may also serve as a useful model system for the study of larger vertebrate genomes. Reduced intron size of chicken genes relative to mammalian homologs, as seen for Fugu genes, is compatible with this idea (Hughes and Hughes 1995;Riegert et al 1996).…”

supporting

confidence: 67%

Chicken Microchromosomes Are Hyperacetylated, Early Replicating, and Gene Rich

McQueen¹,

Siriaco²,

Bird³

1998

Genome Res.

103

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The chicken karyotype consists of 39 chromosomes of which 33 are classed as microchromosomes (MICs). MICs contain about one third of genomic DNA. The majority of mapped chicken genes are assigned to macrochromosomes (MACs), but a recent study indicated that CpG islands (CGIs), which are associated with most vertebrate genes, map predominantly to MICs. The present work establishes that chicken genes are concentrated on MICs by several criteria. Acetylated (lysine 5) histone H4, which is strongly correlated with the presence of genes, is highly enriched on MICs by immunocytochemistry. In addition, detailed analysis of chicken cosmids shows that CGI-like fragments are approximately six times denser on MICs than on MACs. Published mapping of randomly chosen genes by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) also shows a significant excess of microchromosomal assignments. Finally, the finding that MICs replicate during the first half of S phase is also compatible with the suggestion that MICs represent gene-rich DNA. We use the cosmid data to predict that ∼75% of chicken genes are located on microchromosomes.[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank data library under accession nos. AJ001643 and AJ001644.]

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supporting

confidence: 67%

Chicken Microchromosomes Are Hyperacetylated, Early Replicating, and Gene Rich

McQueen¹,

Siriaco²,

Bird³

1998

Genome Res.

103

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“…Mutations in a region downstream of a G17 tract in the 3Ј untranslated region, yielded five cDNA and genomic variants of the sequence from a single animal (15). Moreover, in humans with the "mutator phenotype", caused by defective mismatch repair in colorectal cancer, the ␤ 2 m gene is particularly prone to accumulation of errors (33).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A C-T transition in the leader of Jb-7 does not appear in the three other cDNA sequences arising from that allele. These nucleotide differences may be artifacts that arose in construction of the cDNA library or be due to somatic mutation, a property reported for the chicken ␤ 2 m gene (15). Additional differences between the cDNAs derive from the use of six possible polyadenylation sites, as has also been seen in the mouse ␤ 2 m gene (24).…”

Section: Type 1 Genementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Limited polymorphism of a single ␤ 2 m gene (10, 11) has been described for other mammalian species: three alleles in laboratory mice (12), five in wild mice (13), and three in the owl monkey (14). In chickens (15), ␤ 2 m is also encoded by a single gene located on a chromosome different from that of the MHC. In diploid fish, including zebrafish (16), catfish (17), and tilapia (18), ␤ 2 m is encoded by a single gene, as also seems likely for the tetraploid carp (18) and sturgeon (19).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The β2-Microglobulin Locus of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Contains Three Polymorphic Genes

Magor

Shum

Parham

2004

The Journal of Immunology

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β2-microglobulin (β2m) associates with MHC and related class I H chains to form cell surface glycoproteins that mediate a variety of functions in defense. In humans, monomorphism of a single β2m gene contrasts with the diversity and polymorphism of the class I H chain genes, and a similar picture was seen in almost all other species examined. In this regard, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) appeared unusual: trout β2m genes gave a complicated and polymorphic pattern in Southern blots, and a minimum of 10 different mRNA encoding two distinct types of β2m were expressed by a single fish. Characterization of genomic clones from the same fish now shows that the rainbow trout β2m locus consists of two expressed genes and one partial gene that are closely linked. Four copies of the locus were identified and allelic variants of each gene defined, largely through comparison of the noncoding regions. A dramatic variation in the lengths of introns is caused by variable repetitive elements and accounts for the complex pattern seen in Southern blots. By comparison to noncoding sequences, the coding regions are conserved but the three loci differ within a cluster of codons that encode residues of β2m that do not interact with class I H chains. Additional diversity in the trout β2m genes appears to be due to somatic mutation that might be facilitated by the abundance of repetitive DNA elements within the 12 β2m genes of an individual rainbow trout.

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“…The chicken CD5 gene is very compact and highly GC-rich (67%) like many of the chicken genes [18]. It spans 3.4 kb and is composed of 10 exons (Fig.…”

Section: The Organization Of Chicken Cd5 Genementioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and Chromosomal Localization of Chicken CD5

Koskinen¹,

Salomonsen

Goodchild

et al. 2001

Scand J Immunol

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CD5 is a transmembrane glycoprotein on all T cells and on a subpopulation of B cells. Based on the analysis of chicken CD5-cDNA we have previously shown that the structure of the CD5 protein is conserved between species. Here we report the isolation and chromosomal mapping of the chicken CD5 gene. The gene spans 3.4 kb and is extremely compact with a high GC-nucleotide content. There are 10 exons and the introns are spliced out similarly to those in the human CD5 gene. Each of the three extracellular scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domains is encoded as an exon of its own, as is the proline-rich hinge region that separates the first two membrane-distal SRCR domains. The fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique was used to map the gene to chromosome five. This is the first report describing the organization of the CD5 gene from a nonmammalian species.

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The chicken beta 2-microglobulin gene is located on a non-major histocompatibility complex microchromosome: a small, G+C-rich gene with X and Y boxes in the promoter.

Cited by 52 publications

References 33 publications

Chicken Microchromosomes Are Hyperacetylated, Early Replicating, and Gene Rich

Chicken Microchromosomes Are Hyperacetylated, Early Replicating, and Gene Rich

The β2-Microglobulin Locus of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Contains Three Polymorphic Genes

Structure and Chromosomal Localization of Chicken CD5

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