The Chemistry of Toxins Isolated from Some Marine Organisms.

Scheuer, Paul J.

doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-7145-5_5

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In general, such defensive compounds are extremely common among sessile epibenthic invertebrates (Bakus 1981, Coli et al 1982, Sammarco et al 1985; these organisms have few other adaptive alternatives given their low mobility and their limited suite of behavioral responses. The occurrence of powerful allelochemicals in zoanthids has long been recognized (Scheuer 1964, Attaway 1968, Hashimoto et al 1969, Moore and Scheuer 1971, Chaetal. 1982 detailed studies have indicated extremely high levels of toxicity associated with the presence of eggs in Palythoa tuberculosa (Kimura et al 1972).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Z. sociatus is more desiccation resistant than Z. solanderi and it has higher survivorship in this intertidal zone than in lower intertidal and subtidal habitats; this intertidal zone probably represents a spatial refuge from subtidal predators (Sebens 1982b). The occurrence of powerful allelochemicals in zoanthids has long been recognized (Scheuer 1964, Attaway 1968, Hashimoto et al 1969, Moore and Scheuer 1971, Chaetal. In general, such defensive compounds are extremely common among sessile epibenthic invertebrates (Bakus 1981, Coli et al 1982, Sammarco et al 1985; these organisms have few other adaptive alternatives given their low mobility and their limited suite of behavioral responses.…”

Section: Reciprocal Transplant Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Size‐Dependent Growth in Two Zoanthid Species: A Constrast in Clonal Strategies

Karlson¹

1988

Ecology

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The widespread occurrence of genet fragmentation among modular, clonal organisms results in size-dependent life history patterns that are often independent of clonal age. In this study the size dependence of clonal growth rates was experimentally evaluated using two common coral reef cnidarians that inhabit shallow reef environments at Discovery Bay, Jamaica. As a result of the turbulent conditions associated with storms, these organisms commonly undergo fragmentation. The growth of aggregations of these clonal fragments in three small size classes (ranging over three orders of magnitude) was statistically evaluated against a null, exponential model that predicts that relative growth rates of small aggregations are size independent. Growth rates for Zoanthus solanderi were consistent with this model. Z. sociatus, on the other hand, exhibited size-dependent relative growth rates. The smallest aggregations of this species had the highest relative growth rates, which were sufficiently high to more than compensate for losses due to mortality.These results are consistent with other life history and distributional differences between these two species. Zoanthus sociatus has a higher rate of mortality, does not undergo sexual reproduction until reaching a larger aggregation size, and commonly has a higher vertical distribution (which may represent a spatial refuge from subtidal predators) than does Z. solanderi. The comparatively rapid relative growth rates of small aggregations of Z. sociatus may be the result of spatial constraints on growth in large aggregations and/or of higher relative energy allocations to growth in small aggregations.The incorporation of fragmentation into the life history strategy of clonal organisms has a range of predicted consequences. Among some organisms, fragmentation and associated adaptations may be rare and oflittle consequence. Among organisms that frequently fragment as a result of physical disturbances, natural selection should favor repair and regenerative processes as well as resistance to this source of mortality. At the extreme, fragmentation need not be associated with death and injury. Adaptations at the developmental and physiological level may involve genetically programmed production of asexual fragments and size-dependent shifts in energy allocations to growth, sexual reproduction, and energy reserves. The degree of interdependence of the processes controlling the dynamics of genets and fragmented modules may well depend on the relative importance of such adaptations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reciprocal Transplant Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size‐Dependent Growth in Two Zoanthid Species: A Constrast in Clonal Strategies

Karlson¹

1988

Ecology

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“…Muitos aspectos químicos, toxicológicos, farmacológicos e as implicações médicas de compostos biologicamente ativos de invertebrados marinhos estão muito bem detalhados nos trabalhos de Courville et ai. (1958); Halstead (1965); Russell (1965Russell ( , 1971); Russell & Saunders (1967); Nigrelli et al_ (967): Southcott (1970); Baslow (1969Baslow ( ,1971; Bücherl & Buckley ([9'11); Mebs (1973); Martin & Padilha (1973); Ruggieri (1976) e Scheuer (1964Scheuer ( , 1977.…”

Section: Conclusõesunclassified

Compostos biologicamente ativos em invertebrados marinhos

Freitas

1980

Bol. Inst. Oceanogr.

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The author has reviewed the classification, rhe nomenclature and the ecological aspects of biologically active compounds, emphasizing lhe Freyvogel & Perret 's (1973) concepts of venomous and poisonous organisms. The literature involvinx the phyla Annelida, Mollusca and Arthropoda was also reviewed. The author's pharmacological studies performed with the polychaete Ewy1Jloe camplanata, _which reveaJed a ,dializable principie, active in the guinea pig's ileum and dorsal muscle ot polycluJete itsel! ore also commented. This-principle differs !rom A cetylcholine and Serotonin. Pharmacologically studies in the sea-hares (genus AplysiaJ were also focused, induding the author's contribution. In the g~Aplysia brasiliana, namely the mid-gut-gland, the opaline gland and the purple gland, the author confirmed presence of cholinesters, which are discussed in the review. Toxicity of Arthropods are also discussed, mainly in decapod crustaceans. In some Brazilian crabs studies revealed a pharmacological activity of the gastric secretion expelled with an apparently defensive purpose and its ecological importance is focused in terms of the community. The relatively scarce studies of chemical ecology of marine organisms in Latin America and the imporlance of these studies were finally emphasized.

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