The Chemistry of Thiophosgene

Sharma, Satyavan

doi:10.1080/01961772.1986.10462152

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 298 publications

(135 reference statements)

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“…The initial chemical reaction produces thiophosgene (CSCl 2 ), which reacts with thiols and many other functional groups (Sharma 1986). The cellular toxicity caused by captan is caused by these sequential reactions, both of which occur quite rapidly (Gordon et al 2001, Arndt andDohn 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Captan on <I>Apis mellifera</I> Brood Development Under Field Conditions in California Almond Orchards

Everich¹,

Schiller²,

Whitehead³

et al. 2009

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Three almond field trials were conducted during 2003 and 2004 at two locations in central (Fresno County) and northern (Yolo County) California to evaluate the potential effects of commercial applications of Captan on honey bees, Apis mellifera L. Captan was applied at 5.0 kg (AI)/ha during bloom. Hives were evaluated for hive health and brood development parameters for approximately 2 mo after application. This study showed that the application of Captan was not harmful to foraging honey bees or their brood. No treatment-related effects were noted on hive weights, dead bee deformity, number of dead bees, survival of individual larvae, weight of individual emerging adults, and other hive health parameters.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Captan on <I>Apis mellifera</I> Brood Development Under Field Conditions in California Almond Orchards

Everich¹,

Schiller²,

Whitehead³

et al. 2009

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“…Under the OXD conditions, we identified 11 gaseous species including phosgene (COCl 2 ), thiophosgene (SCCl 2 ), chloroform (CHCl 3 ), hydrogen chloride (HCl), carbonyl sulfide (COS), carbon disulfide (CS 2 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), benzene (C 6 H 6 ), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and carbon oxides (CO, CO 2 ). There have been a number of studies indicating that most of these chemicals exhibit negative effects on health (18)(19)(20)(21)(22). Both COCl 2 and SCCl 2 were released in World War I as chemical warfare agents (23,24).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Decomposition of Captan and Formation Pathways of Toxic Air Pollutants

Chen

Mackie

Kennedy

et al. 2010

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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This study investigates the thermal decomposition of a widely used fungicide, captan, under gas phase conditions, similar to those occurring in fires, cigarette burning, and combustion of biomass treated or contaminated with pesticides. The laboratory-scale apparatus consisted of a plug flow reactor equipped with sampling trains for gaseous, volatile organic compounds (VOC) and condensed products, with analysis performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. Under oxidative conditions, the thermal decomposition of captan generated gaseous pollutants including carbon disulfide, thiophosgene, phosgene, and hydrogen cyanide. The VOC analysis revealed the formation of tetrachloroethylene, hexachloroethane, and benzonitrile. Quantum chemical calculations indicated that captan decomposes unimolecularly, via fission of the C-S bond, with the ensuing radicals reacting with O(2). The results of the present study provide an improved understanding of the formation pathways of toxic air pollutants in the accidental or deliberate combustion of captan.

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“…13 The approach from amines produces isothiocyanates in excellent yields but uses highly electrophilic "CvS" reagents such as thiophosgene or triphosgene (Scheme 1A). [16][17][18][19] Despite the availability of "CvS" reagents, there is still a challenge since the commonly used thiophosgene and triphosgene are extremely toxic. 20 Isothiocyanates can also be accessed by adding carbon disulfide (CS 2 ) to amines (Scheme 1B).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%