The chemistry of mushroom composts. II.—Nitrogen changes during the composting and cropping processes

Burrows, Stephen D.

doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740020906

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…There are several countermeasures to reduce NH3 emissions from composting fermentation (Burrows 2006, Kuroda et al 2004, Yasuda et al 2009). Struvite crystallization is one of the effective countermeasures for NH3 emissions.…”

Section: Combination With Struvite Crystallization To Reduce Nh 3 Emimentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigation Option of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock Manure Composting

Fukumoto

Suzuki

Yasuda

2015

JARQ

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Composting of livestock manure is a significant source of greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide (N2O), but the complexity of the N2O generation pathway hinders efforts to develop effective countermeasures. In this paper, we present one mitigation option for N2O emissions from composting. Nitrite (NO2 -) has an important role in N2O generation. It has been observed that significant N2O emissions from composting are induced when NO2 -is accumulated during nitrification. Accordingly, in our technique, nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), as nitrifying bacteria, are added in the middle of composting fermentation to prevent NO2 -accumulation. Adding NOB prevents prolonged NO2 -accumulation, which had resulted in low N2O emissions. This technique is also cost-effective, because mature compost can be used as an NOB source. Mitigating N2O emissions allows more nitrate nitrogen (NO3 -), of high value as fertilizer, to be preserved in the compost product. Moreover, it was confirmed that this technique could be combined with that for NH3 mitigation using chemical reagents. Before actual use, it is necessary to investigate the methods used to determine optimal timing to add NOB source and prevent N2O from being generated from an NO3 -reduction.Discipline: Agricultural environment, animal industry Additional key words: nitrification, nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, nitrous oxide Present address:

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Section: Combination With Struvite Crystallization To Reduce Nh 3 Emimentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigation Option of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock Manure Composting

Fukumoto

Suzuki

Yasuda

2015

JARQ

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“…Changes in these parameters during the two phases of production are associated with microbial and biochemical markers. [1][2][3][4][5][6] The modifications in some of the important characteristics can promote rapid colonization of the substrate by the mushroom mycelium, while limiting the growth of weed mold fungi. 5 Reports on the use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for the quality assessment of compost have been published by researchers from the UK and the Netherlands.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visible and Near-Infrared Calibrations for Quality Assessment of Fresh Phase I and II Mushroom (Agaricus Bisporus) Compost

Sharma

Kilpatrick²,

Lyons³

et al. 2005

Appl Spectrosc

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Previous studies have shown that visible and near-infrared spectra (Vis-NIR) of dry and milled compost can be used for generating partial least squares (PLS) calibrations of phase II compost parameters including ammonia, nitrogen dry matter (NDM), dry matter (DM), pH, conductivity, carbon, microbial population, and potential productivity. The objective of this study was to develop robust calibrations for some of the key parameters from the spectra of fresh phase I and II composts. Samples of substrates from six commercial production yards were obtained during winter and summer months of 2000-2004 to monitor changes in quality and were analyzed for the test factors. Vis-NIR reflectance measurements of fresh samples (740) were made over the range of 400-2500 nm. After mathematical pretreatments, PLS calibrations of the key parameters were developed using the NIR (1100-2500 nm) and visible and NIR (400-2500 nm) regions and subsequently validated using an independent sample set of 123 phase I and II samples obtained during 2004-2005. The phase I and II standard errors of laboratory measurements of ammonia, pH, conductivity, DM, NDM, and ash were lower than the standard error of predictions of the same parameters, respectively, by the best NIR or Vis-NIR models. The degree of precision for some of the calibrations, especially ammonia, NDM, and DM, is suitable for composters to monitor changes in quality parameters during production. The laboratory measurement errors for phase I samples were greater than those of the phase II samples, except for ash, due to a higher degree of heterogeneity in the substrate. The calibrations, especially for pH, conductivity, and ash, need to be improved with new sample sets. A major advantage of NIR spectroscopy is the ability to assess substrate quality for a range of target parameters simultaneously, within a few hours of receiving the samples. The main drawbacks are the expensive instrumentation, expertise, and training necessary for operating the spectrometer and a dedicated chemometrician required for maintaining the equations compared to the reference methods.

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“…5 Variations in the quality of available raw materials, such as old or new season straw, high or low nitrogen content of chicken litter, and wet weather conditions, can lead to uncontrolled microbial breakdown of the substrate during the outdoor windrow/bunker phase I stage, followed by pasteurization and conditioning in the phase II tunnel. [6][7][8] Since the early 1950s, research groups in Europe and elsewhere have been focusing on the fundamental problem of mushroom compost research to identify important parameters that determine productivity. [8][9][10][11] The important characteristics of compost are dry matter (DM), nitrogen dry matter (NDM), ammonia, pH, conductivity, microbial population, ash, fiber fractions, C : N ratio, carbon, and certain minerals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of Potential Mushroom Yield by Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Using Fresh Phase II Compost

Sharma

Kilpatrick²,

Lyons³

2005

Appl Spectrosc

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Potential mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) yield of phase II compost is determined by interactions of key quality parameters including dry matter, nitrogen dry matter, ammonia, pH, conductivity, thermophilic microorganisms, C : N ratio, fiber fractions, ash, and certain minerals. This study was aimed at generating robust visible and near-infrared (Vis-NIR) calibrations for predicting potential yield, using spectra from fresh phase II compost. Four compost comparative trials were carried out during the winter and summer months of 2001-2003, under controlled experimental conditions employing six commercially prepared composts, with eight replicate (8 bag) plots per treatment (48 x 8 = 384). The substrates were prepared by windrow or bunker phase I, followed by phase II production. The fresh samples were scanned for Vis-NIR (400-2498 nm) spectra, averaged, transformed, and regressed against the recorded yield by employing a modified partial least squares algorithm. The best calibration model generated from the database explained 84% of yield variation within the data set with a standard error of calibration of 13.75 kg/tonne of fresh compost. The model was successfully tested for robustness with yield results obtained from a validation trial, carried out under similar experimental conditions in early 2004, and the standard error of prediction was 18.21 kg/tonne, which was slightly higher than the mean experimental error (17.94 kg/tonne) of the trial. The accuracy of the model is acceptable for estimating potential yield by classifying phase II substrate as poor (180-220 kg), medium (220-260 kg), and high (260-300 kg) yielding compost. The yield prediction model is being transferred to a new instrument based at Loughgall for routine evaluation of commercial phase II samples.

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The chemistry of mushroom composts. II.—Nitrogen changes during the composting and cropping processes

Cited by 13 publications

References 12 publications

Mitigation Option of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock Manure Composting

Mitigation Option of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock Manure Composting

Visible and Near-Infrared Calibrations for Quality Assessment of Fresh Phase I and II Mushroom (Agaricus Bisporus) Compost

Prediction of Potential Mushroom Yield by Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Using Fresh Phase II Compost

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