The chemistry of graphene oxide

Dreyer, Daniel R.; Park, Sunghee; Bielawski, Christopher W.; Ruoff, Rodney S.

doi:10.1039/b917103g

Cited by 10,115 publications

(7,519 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…The mole ratio of Fe:P is 1:1.12, which is close to that of FeP. The high‐resolution XPS spectrum of the C1s (Figure 2B) proves the reduction of GO to rGO as evidenced by considerable deoxygenation of GO through the successively solvothermal and thermal phosphorization,15 which is very important for ensuring high conductivity of FeP NWs/rGO. The Fe 2p spectrum (Figure 2C) shows two distinct peaks located at 708.9 and 722.1 eV which correspond to the binding energy (BE) of Fe 2p 3/2 and Fe 2p 1/2 in FeP 16.…”

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confidence: 69%

Construction of Efficient 3D Gas Evolution Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution: Porous FeP Nanowire Arrays on Graphene Sheets

et al. 2015

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confidence: 69%

Construction of Efficient 3D Gas Evolution Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution: Porous FeP Nanowire Arrays on Graphene Sheets

et al. 2015

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“…[ 29 ] Moreover, prior to the reduction step, acid treated carbon nanotubes (CNT) and fullerenes (C 60 ) were mixed with the GO to obtain hybrid carbon nanostructures. The predicted capacity could not be achieved by the bare RGO electrode, but it was exceeded by the RGO/C 60 composite.…”

Section: Graphene As Li-ion Hostmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although highly defective, the versatility of its oxide precursor (easy to disperse, hydrophilic, etc.) [ 29 ] promoted the development of a variety of graphene-containing composite anodes. Indeed, the introduction of additional electroactive species was expected to enable larger storage capability and, at the same time, hinder the layers' restacking.…”

Section: Graphene-containing Materials As a Li-ion Hostsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Insight into the Relentless Progression Toward Graphene and Graphene‐Containing Materials for Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes

et al. 2016

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that its extraordinary properties would enable revolutionary new technologies, which gave birth to the "graphene era". [ 3,4 ] Relying on this scenario, in 2013, the European Union launched the ¤1 billion "Graphene Flagship" project aimed to investigate the properties of this new form of carbon for various applications (e.g., electronics, sensors and energy storage devices), with the ambitious goal of guiding graphene from laboratories to commercial applications within a decade. [ 5,6 ] In the same period, the Chinese Government set up a similar investment to mass-produce graphene as thin fi lms (e.g., for touchscreen electrodes) and platelets (e.g., for use in batteries). [ 6 ] In the following years, hundreds of patents, mainly focused on manufacturing and application in energy storage, were fi led and the worldwide production of graphene and graphene-containing materials rapidly increased. Although a few Chinese industries claimed to already use graphene-containing materials for smartphone production, no revolutionary practical application relying on graphene has been yet developed. [ 6 ] Specifi cally with respect to the battery fi eld, a close analysis of the scientifi c literature reveals a struggle to meet the ambitious initial targets. A potential loss of focus from the fi nal application caused by hype and ease of publication on such a novel matter, together with the delivery of very misleading information [ 7,8 ] and erroneous statements [ 7 ] concerning the use of graphene in batteries are emerging as possible reasons of the ineffective graphene-era outburst. In this progress report, we do not focus on production and classifi cation of graphene and graphene-containing materials, which were already well reported in the past years. [ 3,[9][10][11] In contrast, due to the lack of an exhaustive analysis of the progression of the use of such materials in lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes, we report here a critical evaluation of the most prominent research papers published from 2008 until the end of 2015. As shown in Figure 1 , three different stages of the graphene research in LIB anodes can be distinguished: a fi rst stationary phase between 2008 and 2010 where the lithium-ion storage properties of different graphene and graphene-containing materials were preliminarily explored, a second exponential stage, spanning from 2010 to 2014, where graphene and graphene-containing anode materials were broadly developed and investigated, and fi nally, a third phase, (i.e., starting from 2015), where the research seems to have approached a plateau. After Used as a bare active material or component in hybrids, graphene has been the subject of numerous studies in recent years. Indeed, from the fi rst report that appeared in late July 2008, almost 1600 papers were published as of the end 2015 that investigated the properties of graphene as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Although an impressive amount of data has been collected, a real advance in the fi eld still seems to be missing. In this framework, atten...

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“…21,22 N-Doped graphene, and particularly B-doped graphene are still scarcely investigated experimentally as compared to graphene 23 and graphene oxide. 24 So far, few methods for generating N-doped graphene are described. Among these are thermal CVD of methane and ammonia gas, 25 CVD of molecular precursors like pyridine 26 or acetonitrile 27 on a Cu substrate or exposure of graphene to a nitrogen 28 or ammonia 29 containing plasma discharge.…”

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Chemical Vapor Deposition of N-Doped Graphene and Carbon Films: The Role of Precursors and Gas Phase

et al. 2014

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Thermally induced chemical vapor deposition (CVD) was used to study the formation of nitrogen doped graphene and carbon films on copper from aliphatic nitrogen containingprecursors consisting of C 1 -and C 2 -units and (hetero) The deposition of carbon films from the gas phase leads to materials of widely different structure and composition. The films can be i) crystalline, e.g. like graphene, graphite or diamond and consist ideally of a single type of either sp 2 or sp 3 -hybridized carbon atoms, ii) can contain domains of any of these phases in more or less ordered arrangements, or iii) can even incorporate a considerable amount of hydrogen or other heteroatoms. Within this manifold of carbon films, graphene, a two-dimensional allotrope of carbon has recently attained high interest due to its electronic and optical properties and chemical inertness. [1][2][3] Graphene with controllable electronic properties is expected to be a promising material for the development of new electronic devices, 4,5 such as e.g. field-effect transistors 6 or electrochemical sensors, 7,8 as well as for applications in energy storage 9,10 and conversion systems like super capacitors, 11 lithium batteries, 12 and fuel cells. 13 Furthermore, transparent conducting graphene films are considered for organic electronic devices such as OLED's and organic solar cells. 14 Graphene itself does not reveal a band gap and therefore has no intrinsic semiconducting properties. Thus, doping of graphene with heteroelements like boron (B) or nitrogen (N), which fit into the carbon lattice, is an important issue. Theoretical and experimental studies indicate that B-or N-doped graphenes reveal p-or n-type semiconductor characteristics [15][16][17] accompanied by a band gap opening [18][19][20] and thus doped 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 graphene and structurally related graphene nanoribbons are considered as promising materials with tunable electronic properties. 21,22 N-Doped graphene, and particularly B-doped graphene are still scarcely investigated experimentally as compared to graphene 23 and graphene oxide. 24 So far, few methods for generating N-doped graphene are described. Among these are thermal CVD of methane and ammonia gas, 25 CVD of molecular precursors like pyridine 26 or acetonitrile 27 on a Cu substrate or exposure of graphene to a nitrogen 28 or ammonia 29 containing plasma discharge.In these reactions, the presence of nitrogen was identified by XPS, whereas the mechanism for nitrogen incorporation at specific positions of the graphene lattice is still not understood. 15,16,30 Recently, the formation mechanism of graphene from molecular precursors has been investigated. From the decay it was reasoned that dicarbon (C 2 -) species, formed as reaction intermediates, can contribute significantly to the built-up of graphene. 31 Sin...

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The chemistry of graphene oxide

Cited by 10,115 publications

References 88 publications

Construction of Efficient 3D Gas Evolution Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution: Porous FeP Nanowire Arrays on Graphene Sheets

Construction of Efficient 3D Gas Evolution Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution: Porous FeP Nanowire Arrays on Graphene Sheets

Critical Insight into the Relentless Progression Toward Graphene and Graphene‐Containing Materials for Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes

Chemical Vapor Deposition of N-Doped Graphene and Carbon Films: The Role of Precursors and Gas Phase

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