The Chemical Structure of the Body

McCance, R. A.; Widdowson, E. M.

doi:10.1113/expphysiol.1956.sp001151

Cited by 16 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Over the whole age range the protein nitrogen/potassium ratio increased in both species. This has been attributed to a decrease in the amount of water in the cells (McCance & Widdowson, 1956b); there is less than 1 % of collagen in human liver (Lowry, Gilligan & Katersky, 1941), so that most of the nitrogen must be in the cells, but if haemopoietic tissue has a lower nitrogen/potassium ratio than true liver, this would account for the change. Human liver contained appreciably less phosphorus and magnesium than pig liver at comparable stages of development.…”

Section: (23-4-2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of growth and function on the chemical composition of soft tissues

Widdowson

Dickerson

1960

Biochemical Journal

147

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EFFECT OF GROWTH ON COMPOSITION OF TISSUES pigs consisted of pooled material taken from several animals in the same litter; 44 foetal pigs at 46 days of gestation, 22 at 90 days and 12 newborn pigs havebeen used in the whole investigation. Skin. This was taken from the abdomen or thigh in newborn and post-natal material and from both these sites in the foetuses. All visible fat was scraped off and the skin was finely cut up with scissors. It included epidermis and corium. Heart. In some instances whole hearts have been analysed and in others the organ has first been dissected into right and left ventricles and auricles before sampling. All visible fat was removed before dissection and sampling, and the tissue was cut up finely with scissors. Liver. The organ was blotted free from superficial blood and weighed. The whole of the foetal and newborn livers were taken for analysis and portions of the adult organs were taken from the centre of more than one lobe. The material was homogenized in a Waring Blendor without added water. Kidney. The capsule was stripped off, and with it the perirenal fat. Both kidneys were taken from the foetuses and newborn babies and piglets, but only one from the adults. The organs were homogenized without added water. Brain. In every instance the whole brain was taken and again homogenized without added water.

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Section: (23-4-2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of growth and function on the chemical composition of soft tissues

Widdowson

Dickerson

1960

Biochemical Journal

147

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“…Skeletal muscle has been investigated from many angles, and certain aspects of the effect of development on its composition have received a good deal of attention. It is well known, for instance, that during development the percentage of water in skeletal muscle falls (Needham, 1931;Yannet & Darrow, 1938;Hines & Knowlton, 1939;Mc-Meekan, 1940;McCance & Widdowson, 1956a) and that this change is accompanied by a fall in the concentrations of the extracellular ions sodium and chloride. At the same time there is an increase in the percentage of protein (Needham, 1931;McCance & Widdowson, 1956a) and of the intracellular constituents potassium and phosphorus.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Muscle cells cannot be separated for direct analysis, and their composition must be determined indirectly. McCance & Widdowson (1956a) have shown that the amount of nitrogen per unit weight of potassium in skeletal muscle increased with development and have interpreted this as possibly indicating a change in the gross composition of the muscle cell. There are, however, two sources of uncertainty about this.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical changes in skeletal muscle during development

Dickerson

Widdowson

1960

Biochemical Journal

222

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“…During early life, complex changes in the anatomical and chemical structure of the human body interact with xenobiotics in unique ways. Rapid organ development and function, along with changes in body composition, are related to cellular and metabolic activities that drastically affect distribution, organ uptake, and metabolism of xenobiotics [ 39 , 40 ]. These changes in early life are most prominent from the fetal stages up to the first six months; thus, variability becomes a key feature in limiting clearance capability, metabolism, and toxicity of xenobiotics; indeed, during the perinatal brain growth spurt and the formation of new connections between nervous cells makes the CNS especially vulnerable to toxic agents [ 41 ].…”

Section: Exposure and Metabolism Of Ethg And Al During Early Lifementioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to Mercury and Aluminum in Early Life: Developmental Vulnerability as a Modifying Factor in Neurologic and Immunologic Effects

Dórea

2015

IJERPH

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Currently, ethylmercury (EtHg) and adjuvant-Al are the dominating interventional exposures encountered by fetuses, newborns, and infants due to immunization with Thimerosal-containing vaccines (TCVs). Despite their long use as active agents of medicines and fungicides, the safety levels of these substances have never been determined, either for animals or for adult humans—much less for fetuses, newborns, infants, and children. I reviewed the literature for papers reporting on outcomes associated with (a) multiple exposures and metabolism of EtHg and Al during early life; (b) physiological and metabolic characteristics of newborns, neonates, and infants relevant to xenobiotic exposure and effects; (c) neurobehavioral, immunological, and inflammatory reactions to Thimerosal and Al-adjuvants resulting from TCV exposure in infancy. Immunological and neurobehavioral effects of Thimerosal-EtHg and Al-adjuvants are not extraordinary; rather, these effects are easily detected in high and low income countries, with co-exposure to methylmercury (MeHg) or other neurotoxicants. Rigorous and replicable studies (in different animal species) have shown evidence of EtHg and Al toxicities. More research attention has been given to EtHg and findings have showed a solid link with neurotoxic effects in humans; however, the potential synergic effect of both toxic agents has not been properly studied. Therefore, early life exposure to both EtHg and Al deserves due consideration.

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The Chemical Structure of the Body

Cited by 16 publications

References 17 publications

The effect of growth and function on the chemical composition of soft tissues

The effect of growth and function on the chemical composition of soft tissues

Chemical changes in skeletal muscle during development

Exposure to Mercury and Aluminum in Early Life: Developmental Vulnerability as a Modifying Factor in Neurologic and Immunologic Effects

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