The Chemical Constituents Of Tobacco And Tobacco Smoke

Johnstone, R. A. W.; Plimmer, Jack R.

doi:10.1021/cr50029a004

Cited by 141 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 124 publications

(194 reference statements)

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“…Benzene was generally found as the major compound of volatile organic carbons in rainwater from Yokohama, Japan (Sato et al, 2006). 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acids were the most abundant compound in October and have been identified to come from particulate automobile exhaust emissions, cigarette combustion, degradation of plastics, and products of lignin-type material metabolized by microorganisms (Johnstone and Plimmer, 1959;Simoneit, 1985;Kawamura and Kaplan, 1987). Benzonitrile was the most abundant species during November, which has been found in accidental vehicle fires (Estrellan and Lino, 2010) and biomass combustion in improved stoves in rural China (Wang et al, 2009).…”

Section: Factor Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Confirming anthropogenic influences on the major organic and inorganic constituents of rainwater in an urban area

Chon

Kim

Bae

et al. 2015

Drink. Water Eng. Sci.

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Abstract.Recently, rainwater composition affected by atmospheric pollutants has been the topic of intense study in East Asia because of its adverse environmental and human health effects. In the present study, the chemical composition and organic compounds of rainwater were investigated from June to December 2012 at Gwangju in Korea. The aim of this study is to determine the seasonal variation of rainwater chemical composition and to identify possible sources of inorganic and organic compounds. The volumeweighted mean of pH ranged from 3.83 to 8.90 with an average of 5.78. Of rainwater samples, 50 % had pH values below 5.6. The volume-weighted mean concentration (VWMC) of major ions followed the orderThe VWMC of trace metals decreased in the order Zn > Al > Fe > Mn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cd > Cr. The VWMCs of major ions and trace metals were higher in winter than in summer. The high enrichment factors indicate that Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd originated predominantly from anthropogenic sources. Factor analysis (principal component analysis) indicates the influence of anthropogenic pollutants, sea salt, and crustal materials on the chemical compositions of rainwater. Benzoic acids, 1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione, phthalic anhydride, benzene, acetic acids, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acids, benzonitrile, acetaldehyde, and acetamide were the most prominent pyrolysis fragments for rainwater organic compounds identified by pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The results indicate that anthropogenic sources are the most important factors affecting the organic composition of rainwater in an urban area.Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the Delft University of Technology.

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Section: Factor Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Confirming anthropogenic influences on the major organic and inorganic constituents of rainwater in an urban area

Chon

Kim

Bae

et al. 2015

Drink. Water Eng. Sci.

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“…Acrolein is also a metabolite formed in the biotransformation of allyl compounds and the widely used anticancer drug cyclophosphamide. Since it was identified as one of the "unnatural" components of tobacco smoke (16), a number of reports have appeared describing the damaging effects of acrolein on the tracheal ciliatory movement (17) and the pulmonary wall (18). Its high reactivity indeed makes acrolein a dangerous substance for the living cell.…”

Section: From the Laboratory Of Food And Biodynamics Nagoya Universimentioning

confidence: 99%

Acrolein Is a Product of Lipid Peroxidation Reaction

Uchida

Kanematsu

Morimitsu

et al. 1998

Journal of Biological Chemistry

498

220

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Lipoprotein peroxidation, especially the modification of apolipoprotein B-100, has been implicated to play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. However, there have been few detailed insights into the chemical mechanism of derivatization of apolipoproteins during oxidation. In the present study, we provide evidence that the formation of the toxic pollutant acrolein (CH2‫؍‬CH-CHO) and its conjugate with lysine residues is involved in the oxidative modification of human low density lipoprotein (LDL). Upon incubation with LDL, acrolein preferentially reacted with lysine residues. To determine the structure of acrolein-lysine adduct in protein, the reaction of acrolein with a lysine derivative was carried out. Employing N ␣ -acetyllysine, we detected a single product, which was identified to be a novel acrolein-lysine adduct, N ␣ -acetyl-N ⑀ -(3-formyl-3,4-dehydropiperidino)lysine. The acid hydrolysis of the adduct led to the derivative that was detectable with amino acid analysis. It was revealed that, upon in vitro incubation of LDL with acrolein, the lysine residues that had disappeared were partially recovered by N ⑀ -(3-formyl-3,4-dehydropiperidino)lysine. In addition, we found that the same derivative was detected in the oxidatively modified LDL with Cu 2؉ and that the adduct formation was correlated with LDL peroxidation assessed by the consumption of ␣-tocopherol and cholesteryl ester and the concomitant formation of cholesteryl ester hydroperoxide. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that measures free acrolein revealed that a considerable amount of acrolein was released from the Cu 2؉ -oxidized LDL. Furthermore, metal-catalyzed oxidation of arachidonate was associated with the formation of acrolein, indicating that polyunsaturated fatty acids including arachidonate represent potential sources of acrolein generated during the peroxidation of LDL. These results indicate that acrolein is not just a pollutant but also a lipid peroxidation product that could be ubiquitously generated in biological systems.Atherosclerosis is a complex vascular disorder that can lead to more serious conditions such as myocardial infarction. The events in atherosclerosis are monocyte migration from the blood stream, its differentiation into macrophage in situ, uptake of LDL by macrophage-scavenger receptor, transformation of lipid-laden macrophage into foam cells, smooth muscle cell proliferation and transformation into foam cells, and thus the accumulation of foam cells leading to fatty streaks and subsequent plaque formation. Various lines of evidence indicate that an important part of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is the oxidative modification of plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) 1 (1-5). It has been proposed that LDL undergoes oxidative modification before it can give rise to foam cells, the key component of the progression of atherosclerosis. It has been believed that the oxidation of LDL in vivo can be reproduced by in vitro incubation of LDL with cultured cells such as endothelial cells (6 -9), sm...

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“…[3] Die Konzentration an Gesamtalkaloiden und Protein ist im Blattgewebe hoher als in den Rippen. [4] Cellulose, Kalium und Chlorid sind in den Rippen in vie! hOheren Konzentrationen vertreten als im Blattgewebe.…”

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Analyses of Bright and Burley Tobacco Laminae and Stems

Bokelman

Ryan

1985

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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SUMMARYOne sample each of aged uncased, cured Bright lamina, Bright stems, Burley lamina and Burley stems were examined by a variety of general analytical methods and then characterized by our standard fractionation procedure. These tobacco samples were chosen to be reasonably representative of the tobaccos used in current commercial cigll;l'ette productso Although for a given variety of tobacco the concentrations of chemical constituents may vary as a function of stalk position, cultural management, geographic origin or crop year, we believe that the following conclusions based on these samples are generally valid: {1) levels of ethanol solubles, total reducing sugars and starch are much higher in Bright than in Burley, [

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The Chemical Constituents Of Tobacco And Tobacco Smoke

Cited by 141 publications

References 124 publications

Confirming anthropogenic influences on the major organic and inorganic constituents of rainwater in an urban area

Confirming anthropogenic influences on the major organic and inorganic constituents of rainwater in an urban area

Acrolein Is a Product of Lipid Peroxidation Reaction

Analyses of Bright and Burley Tobacco Laminae and Stems

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