The Chemical Compounds from Degradation of Profenofos and Malathion by Indigenous Bacterial Consortium

Abstract

The Indonesian Pesticide Regulations state that Malathion and Profenofos have been restricted in their use for agriculture because of is bioaccumulative in ecological systems. Cleaning technology using microorganisms is an effective solution for cleaning pesticide residues. This study aims to identify the bacteria that degrade and the degradation process of Malathion and Profenophos into non-toxic compounds. The research method was experimental, identification of bacteria by 16S-rRNA gene analysis, degradation ability by GC MS. The results of phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the tested bacteria were closely related to Oceanobacillus iheyenis (RPL1) and Exiquobacterium profundum (RPL5) with a similarity level of 87% and 99%. The two bacteria are used as a consortium of test bacteria. The results of degradation based on the observation chromatogram T = 0 showed that the Malathion compound C10H19O6PS2 or butanedioic acid [(dimethoxyphosphinothioyl) thio]) was detected at peak 4, real-time = 19,675, area% = 7.37 and Profenofos compound C11H15BrClO3PSO-(4-Bromo-2-chlorophenyl)o-ethyl s-propyl thiophosphate, peak 8, real-time = 23,957, area% = 6.91. Likewise, the chromatogram results at T = 96 were still detected Malathion ((dimethoxyphosphinothioyl) thio) at peak 14, real-time = 19,675, area% = 2.25, and Profenofos (o- (4-Bromo-2-chlorophenyl)) o – ethyl. s – propyl thiophosphate) peak = 22 real-time = 23,951, area% = 2,2. However, the observation of T = 192 hours, Malathion and Profenofos compounds were not detected. The conclusion showed that the consortium bacteria were able to completely degrade Malathion and Profenophos within 192 hours.

Organochlorine Pesticide Residues on the Horticultural Land of the Bandung Regency, Indonesia: Assessment of Spatial Distribution and Human Health Risks

“…Following a minute of vigorous shaking to ensure that the solution was thoroughly mixed, four grams of anhydrous sodium sulfate (NaSO 4 ) powder and one gram of sodium chloride were each added to the mixture (NaCl). After that, the solution was centrifuged at a speed of 3,000 revolutions per minute for two minutes (17). Before the product was used, it was filtered through filter paper that had been treated with anhydrous NaSO 4 powder so that it may be placed into a test tube with a volume scale of 10 milliliters.…”

“…In this study, endosulfan residues contributed the least to the risk of acute health problems, but we need to be careful because farmers are still finding the use of this compound. The Indonesian government has banned the use of the active ingredient endosulfan since 2015 through the Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia Number 39 of 2015 concerning Pesticide Registration (17). But, in reality, the use of endosulfan compounds is still found in the trademark Akodan such as in Bandung Regency (35), Yogyakarta and West Java Province (36) and Papua Province (37).…”

Bioremediation Tofu Liquid Waste Based on Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Parameters

“…The agarose gel electrophoresis method was used to identify PCR products using 16S rDNA/16S rRNA (PCR-amplified 16S rRNA) genes from bacterial species with DNA fragments ranging from 50 to 20,000 bp. This is the smallest size from which an agarose gel can separate [15]. Because the 16S rDNA/16S rRNA gene is conserved [16], "the 16S rDNA/16S rRNA gene is part of the ribosomal RNA structure, which plays an important role in protein synthesis, and the 16 rRNA gene is always present and owned by prokaryotic organisms, this 16S rRNA gene analysis is ideal for phylogenetic tree reconstruction and prokaryotic identification [17,18].…”