The chemical changes occurring upon cycling of a SnO2 negative electrode for lithium ion cell: In situ Mössbauer investigation

The electrochemical reactions of SnO2 with Li and Na: A study using thin films and mesoporous carbons

“…The difference between this capacity and the discharge capacity of 1600 mAh g -1 measured here can be related to the electrolyte decomposition, which leads to the formation of a so-called solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film. A discharge capacity larger than 1469 mAh g -1 has also been observed in works studying the reaction mechanism of SnO 2 electrode [46][47][48]. The charge (delithiation) reaction…”

Polyacrylonitrile and cobalt–tin compounds based composite and its electrochemical properties in lithium ion batteries

“…In the charge state at 2 V, the average isomer shift is lower than the corresponding to pure tin [15], Li x Sn phases [15], hexagonal CoSn [13], CoSn 3 [16] and CoSn 2 [11], and this can indicate some interaction between tin and oxygen atoms. To support this hypothesis, it is worth to note that some authors reported that prior to the maximum extraction of lithium from previously lithiated tin oxide, unusual species of tin-oxygen were found by using Mössbauer spectroscopy [17,18]. Alternatively, interactions between tin and carbon atoms can slightly reduce the isomer shift [2].…”

High reversible capacity of SnO2/graphene nanocomposite as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries

“…It is reported that activation energies for solid-state double decomposition reactions decreased with decreasing reagent particle size [45]. Thus, the conversion reaction, SnO 2 + 4Li + + 4e − → 2Li 2 O + Sn, which is usually reported to be irreversible [9,41], can become reversible in the SnO 2 /graphene nanocomposite due to the very small Sn nanoparticles [5,27,[46][47][48][49]. It has been reported that the Sn-Li alloying and dealloying reactions only occur below 1.0 V (vs. (Li/Li + )) [4,10,50] and the Li-O bonds are not stable when the charge potential is above 1.3 V [50].…”