The chemical analysis of rock powders by automatic X-ray fluorescence

Leake, Bernard Elgey; Hendry, G. L.; Kemp, Anthony I.S.; Plant, A.G.; Harrey, P.K.; Wilson, J. R.; Coats, J.S.; Aucott, J. W.; Lünel, Taylan; Howarth, Richard J.

doi:10.1016/0009-2541(69)90002-3

Cited by 189 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The percentage of oxides (wt.%) in the soils was determined by X-ray spectrometric powder technique described by Leake et al (1970). The test was performed using an X-Ray Spectrometer model EDX-700HS with Energy Dispersive.…”

Section: Mineralogical and Chemical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geotechnical, chemical and mineralogical evaluation of lateritic soils in humid tropical area (Mfou, Central-Cameroon): Implications for road construction

et al. 2015

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Increased cost associated with the used of high quality materials have led to the need for local soils to be used in civil engineering works. In this paper, geo-chemical approaches coupled with conventional geotechnical techniques has been used to investigate vertical and lateral peculiar engineering index properties (EIP) of micaschist derived soils from Mfou, Central-Cameroon for their uses in road construction. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis conducted on the soils indicated the absence of swelling clays. The main mineral phases were quartz, kaolinite, goethite, magnetite and chlorite. Geo-chemical results show that the investigated soils are "true laterites" made up of 41 wt.% of Fe 2 O 3 , 35 wt.% of SiO 2 , 21 wt.% of Al 2 O 3 , 1.17 wt.% of K 2 O and 0.05 wt.% of CaO. The results of geotechnical tests suggest that the upper clayey layer (UCL) and bottom mottled clayey layer (MCL) of the weathering profiles are poorly graded soils with EIP (fines particles (FP) of 61 and 63%, plasticity index (PI) of 30 and 31%, Californian Bearing Ratio (CBR) at 95% of 21 and 19%), which do not allow their use as raw materials in road construction whereas, intermediate nodular layer (INL) are well graded soils having EIP (FP of 26%, PI of 26% and CBR of 39%) that meet the specification required for sub-base materials for light traffic roads. The relatively high sesquioxyde present in these residual soils may act as cementing agent, thereby making the compacted soils relatively brittle. The direct shear test results show that the soils have high bearing capacity (cohesion of 62 Kpa and 27.2°angle of internal friction) making them to be useful in slope stability and shallow foundation design. The comparison of the studied soils with some lateritic soils in Sub-Saharan Africa indicates that i) genesis and climatic conditions are potentials factors that influence EIP of lateritic soils, ii) lateritic soils developed under semi-arid conditions exhibits EIP better than those developed under tropicaland sub-tropical conditions.

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Section: Mineralogical and Chemical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geotechnical, chemical and mineralogical evaluation of lateritic soils in humid tropical area (Mfou, Central-Cameroon): Implications for road construction

et al. 2015

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“…Initial trace-element calibrations were prepared from a wide range of rock types spiked with an appropriate pure-element compound (Leake, Hendry, et al, 1969). These values were then related using either the WL^ or MoK α Compton scatter lines to provide correction for total mass absorption for all emission lines shorter than the iron absorption edge (Reynolds, 1967).…”

Section: Calibrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemistry of Basalts from the Shikoku and Daito Basins, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 58

Marsh¹,

Saunders²,

Tarney³

et al. 1980

Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project

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Leg 58 successfully recovered basalt at Sites 442, 443, and 444, in the Shikoku Basin, and at Site 446 in the Daito Basin. Only at Site 442 did penetration reach unequivocal oceanic layer 2; at the other sites, only off-axis sills and flows were sampled. Petrographic observations indicate that back-arc basalts from the Shikoku Basin, with the exception of the kaersutite-bearing upper sill at Site 444, are mineralogically similar to basalts being erupted at normal mid-ocean ridges. However, the Shikoku Basin basalts are commonly very vesicular, indicating a high volatile content in the magmas. Site 446 in the Daito Basin penetrated a succession of 23 sills which include both kaersutite-bearing and kaersutite-free basalt varieties.A total of 187 samples from the four sites has been analyzed for major and trace elements using X-ray-fluorescence techniques. Chemically, the basalts from Sites 442 and 443 and the lower sill of Site 444 are subalkaline tholeiites and resemble N-type ocean-ridge basalts found along the East Pacific Rise and at 22° N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR), although they are not quite as depleted in certain hygromagmatophile (HYG) elements. They do not show any chemical affinities with island-arc tholeiites. The basalts from Site 446 and from the upper sill at Site 444 show alkaline and tholeiitic tendencies, and are enriched in the more-HYG elements; they chemically resemble enriched or E-type basalts and their differentiates found along sections of the MAR (e.g., 45°N) and on ocean islands (e.g., Iceland and the Azores).Most of the intra-site variation may be attributed to crystal settling within individual massive flows and sills, to high-level fractional crystallization in sub-ridge magma chambers, or, where there is evidence of a long period of magmatic quiescence between units, to batch partial melting. However, the basalts from Sites 442 and 443 and from the lower sill at Site 444 cannot easily be related to those from Site 446 and the upper sill at Site 444, and it is possible that the different basalt types were derived from chemically distinct mantle sources. From comparison of the Leg 58 data with those already available for other intra-oceanic back-arc basins, it appears that the mantle sources giving rise to back-arc-basin basalts are chemically as diverse as those for mid-ocean ridges. In addition, the high vesicularity of the Shikoku Basin basalts supports previous observations that the mantle source of back-arc-basin basalts may be contaminated by a hydrous component from the adjacent subduction zone. INTRODUCTIONShikoku back-arc or marginal basin, lying between the Iwo Jima and Kyushu-Palau Ridges, sampled basalts During Leg 58, basaltic rocks were recovered at four are no older than 21, 17, and 15 m.y., respectively, from of the five sites occupied in the Shikoku and Daito both sides of the north-south-trending axial zone. Only Basins. At Sites 442, 443, and 444, in the intra-oceanic at Site 442 were basalts penetrated which belong unequivocally to oceanic layer 2; at S...

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“…No obstante, tanto el Fe Z 0 3 como el Zn pueden ser analizados adecuadamente utilizando patrones de rocas ácidas o granitos exclusivamente. Por últi-mo, los resultados fueron negativos en el bario, probablemente debido a la conocida interferencia entre Ba y Ce (Leake et al, 1969). La revisión de los contenidos en cerio en los diferentes patrones utilizados reafirma esta conclusión.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Untitled

Revuelta¹,

González²

1987

Estud. geol.

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RESUMENEn este trabajo se hace un estudio del efecto matriz en el análisis de rocas carbonáticas por Fluorescencia de Rayos X. Para ello, se han considerado diferentes métodos de correción: comparación con patrones internos preparados en el laboratorio, considerando las relaciones Intensidad de pico/Intensidad de fondo y, por último, a través del cálculo de los diversos coeficientes de absorción de masa. Los elementos estudiados han sido: hierro, manganeso, bario, estroncio y zinc.Los resultados indican una buena correlación para todos los elementos excepto el bario utilizando los patrones internos, resultados negativos en el manganeso a través de la relación Intensidad de pico/Intensidad de fondo y de nuevo resultados negativos en el bario considerando los coeficientes de absorción de masa. Por tanto, no se puede establecer un método general para todos los elementos en el estudio del efecto matriz en rocas carboná-ticas, siendo necesario, para cada elemento, un estudio previo que permita l:onocer el mé-todo de corrección adecuado. Palabras clave: Fluorescencia de Rayos X, efecto matriz, geoquímica de rocas carbonáticas.ABSTRACT Different methods of estimation of matrix effects by X-ray fluorescence in carbonate rocks are studied in this papeL These methods inelude: comparation with internal standards prepared in the laboratory, the relationship between peak and background intensities, and matrix corrections based in mass absorption coefficients of samples and standards. The elements analyzed in this study have been: iron, manganese, barium, strontium and zinc.The results show a good correlation using internal standards for all the elements except barium, the peak to background ratio cannot be used in manganese corrections, and the method based in mass absorption coefficients is not usefuI in barium analyses. So, a general method can't be stablished to study the matrix effects in carbonate rocks because the corrections depend of each element and the analysis of every element needs a previous work.Key words: X-Ray fluorescence, matrix effect, geochemistry of carbonate rocks. Introducción y objetivosEn las últimas décadas, la espectrometría de fluorescencia de rayos X se ha convertido en uno de los métodos más utilizados para el análisis quí-mico de sedimentos y rocas, debido a su alta precisión y rapidez en comparación con las técnicas convencionales por vía húmeda. Aunque la base teórica (Jenkins y De Vries, 1967) y la tecnología han ido sufriendo numerosos avances, aún hoy existen aspectos cuya problemática condiciona notablemente la utilización de esta técnica de analisis, uno de los cuales, quizás el más importante, es la variación en la matriz del sedimento o roca, consecuencia de la diferente composición química, que origina lo que comúnmente se de- (Fletcher, 1981), supone frecuentemente cálculos complejos que los hace de difícil aplicación práctica. Este efecto matriz puede ser disminuido con la utilización de perlas por fusión (Hutchinson, 1974).Esta problemática adquiere su máxima dimensión en el análi...

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The chemical analysis of rock powders by automatic X-ray fluorescence

Cited by 189 publications

References 16 publications

Geotechnical, chemical and mineralogical evaluation of lateritic soils in humid tropical area (Mfou, Central-Cameroon): Implications for road construction

Geotechnical, chemical and mineralogical evaluation of lateritic soils in humid tropical area (Mfou, Central-Cameroon): Implications for road construction

Geochemistry of Basalts from the Shikoku and Daito Basins, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 58

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