The Checkered History of Federal Child Care Regulation

Phillips, Deborah; Zigler, Edward

doi:10.2307/1167308

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…With this goal in mind, one would want to measure child care in terms of its ability to transmit cultural values. However, if the goal is custodial care, as it was at the time of World War I1 (Phillips & Zigler, 1987), then the assessment would probably focus on the safety and hygiene of the setting. When the goal is to prepare children for social and academic adjustment in school, as it has been toward the end of the 20th century, assessments are more likely to focus on social and cognitive conditions that prepare children toward such adjustment.…”

Section: Stability Of Exposure To Child Carementioning

confidence: 99%

The child-care environment: Conceptualizations, assessments, and issues.

Friedman¹,

Amadeo²

1999

Measuring Environment Across the Life Span: Emerging Methods and Concepts.

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This chapter is about the assessment of child care. We start by laying out all of the aspects of child care that can be assessed and then move on to a description of existing instruments, while emphasizing the aspects of child care that they assess and those that they do not. We then discuss issues pertaining to the validity of existing instruments and of individual child-care variables. We also tackle the difficult questions of how to choose among the many aspects of child care that can be evaluated and how to choose among the different indexes of these aspects. We conclude with recommendations for future directions for theory and research about the assessment of child care. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CHILDCARE ENVIRONMENTThe child-care environment is a place and a social milieu in which children spend time on a regular basis when their mother is unavailable.

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Section: Stability Of Exposure To Child Carementioning

confidence: 99%

The child-care environment: Conceptualizations, assessments, and issues.

Friedman¹,

Amadeo²

1999

Measuring Environment Across the Life Span: Emerging Methods and Concepts.

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“…With the exception of two periods of national emergency — the Great Depression and World War II — public provision of child care in the U.S. has been reserved for the poor, the immigrant, and the incompetent (Phillips & Zigler, 1987; Scarr & Weinberg, 1986; Steinfels, 1974). Day care began in settlement houses in the 1850s for poor mothers who had to work outside the home, because their husbands were inadequate providers, or worse still because they were not married.…”

Section: Child Care and The Us Economymentioning

confidence: 99%

Dilemmas of child care in the United States: Employed mothers and children at risk.

Scarr¹,

Phillips²,

McCartney³

1989

Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne

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Extraordinary differences exist between child care policies and practices in the U.S. and Canada. The primary focus of this article is to describe the lack of U.S. policies and the research on child care needs -both for employed parents and for their children. Unlike all other industrialized nations, the U.S. has not developed coherent policies on the twin initiations of parental leaves and quality child care. Although neither Canada nor the U.S. have achieved the level of support for employed families that are common in Europe, the deficiencies of U.S. policies are especially glaring. Given the high rates of maternal employment in both countries, the major issues are how to provide a comprehensive system of high quality child care for infants and young children and how to fund necessary services.There are remarkable differences between Canada and the United States in governmental concerns with the welfare of families, in attitudes toward community responsibility for children, and in the ethos that currently surrounds day care debates in both countries. By contrast to Canada, the U.S. has never had federal or state family allowances to help parents support their children. Recent plans in Quebec to increase greatly the family bonuses for mothers with more than two children would be incomprehensible in the U.S. Such a pro-natalist policy, based on political concerns for an aging and declining population in Quebec, are also to be combined with support for 60,000 more child care places (double the present number), which will provide considerable support for larger families and for working parents to find and afford high quality child care. The dual incentives to have children and to provide high quality care when mothers are employed shows, from a U.S. perspective, insight into the needs of mothers in the labour force, who are now the majority of mothers of infants and young children in both Canada and the U.S.Demographic perceptions in the U.S. ignore realities. Were it not for substantial immigration,

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“…The need for regulations that protect children's safety in child care is widely accepted. Even critics of a strong government role in child care have asserted that children's health and safety should be safeguarded by some public regulator body (Phillips & Zigler, 1987). There is no controversy as to what minimum standards define this boundary; in fact the degree of consensus is surprising in a field usually fraught with conflict.…”

Section: Child Care Todaymentioning

confidence: 99%

The child care crisis in America.

Zigler

Ennis²

1989

Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne

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For almost two decades the American government has recognized the lack of affordable, good quality child care in America as a serious and pressing problem. Despite this, the United States has made very little progress in terms of instituting major reforms in regard to child care. In this article we will discuss how and why the child care problem in the United States has turned to crisis proportions. In addition, we will highlight the developmental concerns that surround the issue of child care, and the different child care options currently available for American families to choose from. Finally, we will propose a possible solution to this problem; a solution that could carry the United States in to the twenty-first century.Almost two decades ago, the 1970 White House Conference on Children deemed a lack of affordable, good quality day care to be the most serious problem facing our nation's children and families. The following year, Congress delivered the Child Development Act to President Nixon which called for an expansion of day care facilities, increased federal day care subsidies to welfare recipients, and augmented tax deductions to families using day care. However, due to political pressure from opponents of day care, President Nixon vetoed the bill. Since then, the United States has come no closer to instituting major reforms in regard to child care, and the situation has grown still more serious. The Magnitude of the Day Care ProblemAlmost two thirds of all school-aged children and more than half of all pre-schoolers have mothers in the out-of-home workforce (Kahn & Kamerman, 1987). Still more startling, Portions of this manuscript are adapted from: Zigler, E., & Freedman, J. (In press). Psychological-developmental implications of current patterns of early child care. In S. Chehrazi (Ed.), Working, parenting, and day care. American Psychiatric Press.

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The Checkered History of Federal Child Care Regulation

Cited by 11 publications

References 19 publications

The child-care environment: Conceptualizations, assessments, and issues.

The child-care environment: Conceptualizations, assessments, and issues.

Dilemmas of child care in the United States: Employed mothers and children at risk.

The child care crisis in America.

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