The Characteristics of Microbiome and Cytokines in Healthy Implants and Peri-Implantitis of the Same Individuals

Abstract

Aim: To characterize the profile of submucosal microbiome and cytokine levels in peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) from clinically healthy implants and peri-implantitis in the same individuals. Material and Methods: A total of 170 patients were screened and, finally, 14 patients with at least one healthy implant and one peri-implantitis implant were included. Submucosal microbiota and cytokines from 28 implants were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and multifactor assays, respectively. Correlations of clinical indexes and microbiota or cytokines were analyzed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient. A random forest classification model was constructed. Results: Peri-implantitis sites harbored higher microbial diversity, as well as more Gram-negative bacteria and anaerobic bacteria, compared with healthy implants sites. The genera of Peptostreptococcaceae XIG-1, Treponema, Porphyromonas, and Lachnospiraceae G-8, as well as the cytokines of IL-17A, IL-6, IL-15, G-CSF, RANTES, and IL-1β were significantly higher in peri-implantitis than healthy implants. Furthermore, these genera and cytokines had positive relationships with clinical parameters, including probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and marginal bone loss (MBL). The classification model picked out the top 15 biomarkers, such as IL-17A, IL-6, IL-15, VEGF, IL-1β, Peptostreptococcaceae XIG-1, Haemophilus, and Treponema, and obtained an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.85. Conclusions: There are more pathogenic bacteria and inflammatory cytokines in peri-implantitis sites, and biomarkers could facilitate the diagnosis of peri-implantitis.

Microbiological profile of peri‐implantitis: Analyses of peri‐implant microbiome

“…The diversity, as it relates to the richness and evenness of microbiota, revealed that peri-implant sulci of peri-implantitis and control implants had a remarkable similarity, which is consistent with previous reports. [36][37][38] These findings were, however, in disagreement with previous reports suggesting Graphs show the mean relative abundances of each genus, which were calculated from all the samples within the respective categories (with >1% relative abundance). that peri-implantitis microbiota is more diverse than control implants.…”

“…Other studies reported different predominant species of peri-implantitis core microbiomes than those found in this study. [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45] At the diagnostic level, the results of the microbiome could vary due to the definition of peri-implantitis. 5 The diagnosis of peri-implantitis in this study was made by a trained periodontist and prosthodontist (H.S.…”

Spectroscopic insights into peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis: unveiling peri-implant crevicular fluid profiles using surface enhanced Raman scattering

“…This can have significant implications for enhancing the quality of patient care. Looking towards the future, one particularly notable approach would involve the integration of the quantification of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-17A, IL-6, IL-15, and matrix metalloproteinase 8 (MMP8), associated with the development of peri-implantitis, 47 complementing the SERS biochemical fingerprint of PICF, and affording a more comprehensive understanding of the inflammatory environment. The resulting complex set of heterogeneous and complex data will benefit from the use of advanced machine learning techniques, such as convolutional neural networks and deep learning.…”

EGF coating of titanium surfaces modulates cytokines in oral mucosal primary cells exposed to TNF‐α

“…During the peri‐implant healing process, the epithelial tissue has the function of covering the exposed connective tissue, forming a barrier similar to that of the junctional epithelium, while the connective tissue keeps the epithelium in position, preventing its apical migration 3,4 . If a bacterial infiltrate occurs and the installation of a local infectious and inflammatory process, several cytokines and interleukins and inflammatory mediators are expressed in the tissues, such as interleukin 6 and 8 (IL‐6 and IL‐8) 17 . Metalloproteinase type 3 (MMP‐3) is expressed by proliferating keratinocytes adjacent to the wound edge, which are in contact with an intact basement membrane 18 .…”

“…3,4 If a bacterial infiltrate occurs and the installation of a local infectious and inflammatory process, several cytokines and interleukins and inflammatory mediators are expressed in the tissues, such as interleukin 6 and 8 (IL-6 and IL-8). 17 Metalloproteinase type 3 (MMP-3) is expressed by proliferating keratinocytes adjacent to the wound edge, which are in contact with an intact basement membrane. 18 It regulates the rate of wound healing through its role in wound contraction.…”