The changing epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax: Insights from conventional and novel surveillance tools

Auburn, Sarah; Cheng, Qin; Marfurt, Jutta; Price, Ric N.

doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003560

Cited by 33 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…P. vivax has a number of biological features that distinguish it from the more widely studied P. falciparum . Importantly, P. vivax establishes dormant forms in the liver that are refractory to most antimalarial drugs, resulting in relapsing infections that represent a major challenge to malaria elimination 3 – 5 . Additionally, a cryptic endosplenic life-cycle results in a large hidden splenic reservoir of P. vivax parasites 6 , 7 which sustains a high prevalence of low-density asymptomatic blood stage infections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…P. vivax is uncommon in much of sub-Saharan Africa, and this is thought to be primarily due to the high frequency of the Duffy negative blood group that inhibits invasion by this species, although the parasite can sometimes break through this protection by unknown mechanisms 8 . Clinical disease occurs at lower circulating parasite densities for P. vivax than for P. falciparum , making the detection and characterisation of infections considerably more difficult 3 . Analysis of P. vivax genome variation is technically challenging for a number of reasons, particularly the difficulty of getting high quality sequence data due to low parasite density in clinical blood samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An open dataset of Plasmodium vivax genome variation in 1,895 worldwide samples

et al. 2022

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This report describes the MalariaGEN Pv4 dataset, a new release of curated genome variation data on 1,895 samples of Plasmodium vivax collected at 88 worldwide locations between 2001 and 2017. It includes 1,370 new samples contributed by MalariaGEN and VivaxGEN partner studies in addition to previously published samples from these and other sources. We provide genotype calls at over 4.5 million variable positions including over 3 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), as well as short indels and tandem duplications. This enlarged dataset highlights major compartments of parasite population structure, with clear differentiation between Africa, Latin America, Oceania, Western Asia and different parts of Southeast Asia. Each sample has been classified for drug resistance to sulfadoxine, pyrimethamine and mefloquine based on known markers at the dhfr, dhps and mdr1 loci. The prevalence of all of these resistance markers was much higher in Southeast Asia and Oceania than elsewhere. This open resource of analysis-ready genome variation data from the MalariaGEN and VivaxGEN networks is driven by our collective goal to advance research into the complex biology of P. vivax and to accelerate genomic surveillance for malaria control and elimination.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An open dataset of Plasmodium vivax genome variation in 1,895 worldwide samples

et al. 2022

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“…Transmission intensity was either significantly associated or had large odds ratios in several, but not all, of the analyses. It is likely that transmission intensity plays a role as the effect of interventions can be different for single species for different transmission intensities and different transmission levels can pose different challenges such as more heterogeneity and low level parasitemia in low transmission areas [ 89 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relative impact of interventions on sympatric Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria: A systematic review

Loeffel

Ross

2022

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Background In areas with both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria, interventions can reduce the burden of both species but the impact may vary due to their different biology. Knowing the expected relative impact on the two species over time for vector- and drug-based interventions, and the factors affecting this, could help plan and evaluate intervention strategies. Methods For three interventions (treated bed nets (ITN), mass drug administration (MDA) and indoor residual spraying (IRS)), we identified studies providing information on the proportion of clinical illness and patent infections attributed to P. vivax over time using a literature search. The change in the proportion of malaria attributed to P. vivax up to two years since implementation was estimated using logistic regression accounting for clustering with random effects. Potential factors (intervention type, coverage, relapse pattern, transmission intensity, seasonality, initial proportion of P. vivax and round of intervention) were assessed. Results In total there were 55 studies found that led to 72 series of time-points for clinical case data and 69 series for patent infection data. The main reason of study exclusion was insufficient information on interventions. There was considerable variation in the proportion of malaria attributed to P. vivax over time by study and location for all of the interventions. Overall, there was an increase apart from MDA in the short-term. The potential factors could not be ruled in or out. Although not consistently significant, coverage, transmission intensity and relapse pattern are possible factors that explain some of the variation found. Conclusion While there are reports of an increase in the proportion of malaria due to P. vivax following interventions in the long-term, there was substantial variation for the shorter time-scales considered in this study (up to 24 months for IRS and ITN, and up to six months for MDA). The large variability points to the need for the monitoring of both species after an intervention. Studies should report intervention timing and characteristics to allow inclusion in systematic reviews.

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“…In many co-endemic regions outside Africa, infection with P. vivax has become the predominant cause of malaria as the overall level of transmission has declined. 1 Thus, although standard malaria control tools (such as those targeting the mosquito vector and case management) have had a significant impact on reducing transmission of P. falciparum , they have not had the same level of effect on P. vivax . This is most likely due to several distinct biological features of P. vivax infections that promote transmission.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%