The Changing Epidemiology ofSalmonella:Trends in Serotypes Isolated from Humans in the United States, 1987–1997

Abstract

Salmonellosis is a major cause of illness in the United States. To highlight recent trends, data for 1987-1997 from the National Salmonella Surveillance System were analyzed. A total of 441,863 Salmonella isolates were reported, with the highest age-specific rate among infants (159/100,000 infants at 2 months). Annual isolation rates decreased from 19 to 13/100,000 persons; however, trends varied by serotype. The isolation rate of Salmonella serotype Enteritidis increased until 1996, whereas declines were noted in Salmonella serotypes Hadar and Heidelberg. Overall, serotypes that increased in frequency were significantly more likely than those that decreased to be associated with reptiles (P=.008). Salmonella infections continue to be an important cause of illness, especially among infants. Recent declines in food-associated serotypes may reflect changes in the meat, poultry, and egg industries that preceded or anticipated the 1996 implementation of pathogen-reduction programs. Additional educational efforts are needed to control the emergence of reptile-associated salmonellosis.

Salmonella in free-living exotic and native turtles and in pet exotic turtles from SW Spain

“…Kottbus and 9,12:z29: (II) were also isolated in native turtles whereas Typhimurium, Anatum, 9,12:z29: (II) and 4,12,27:b: [e,n,x] (II) were identified in the exotic ones (Table 2). All serotypes identified have been also isolated in humans during the last years (Olsen et al, 2001;CDC, 2003;Enter-net 2006). The most prevalent, Potsdam, has been previously reported in reptiles (Vincent et al, 1960;Briones et al, 2004;Hidalgo-Vila et al, 2008), although it is not one of the most common serotypes affecting humans.…”

“…The detection of Typhimurium in free-living turtles is relevant, because it is a highly pathogenic serotype and is commonly associated to severe infections in humans. This is, together with Enteriditis, one of the most abundant serotypes of Salmonella isolated from humans (Chiodini and Sundberg, 1981;Baird-Parker, 1990;IFST, 1997;Olsen et al, 2001;Enternet 2006). The other serotypes identified Kottbus and Anatum, are commonly isolated in natural environments (Polo et al, 1999;Baudart et al, 2000), and are frequently isolated in reptiles (Abalem de Sá and Solari, 2001;Briones et al, 2004).…”

Salmonella spp.: O ovo como veículo de transmissão e as implicações da resistência antimicrobiana para a saúde pública

“…Entre os alimentos tidos como principais veículos de Salmonella estão os ovos e a carne de frango, sendo as aves consideradas o reservatório mais relevante desta bactéria (BAÚ et al, 1999;JAKABI et al, 1999;CHANG, 2000;KIST;FREITAG, 2000;LOOCK et al, 2000;MURAKAMI et al, 2001;OLSEN et al, 2001;PRAT et al, 2001;SILVA JR, 2001). …”

“…Os alimentos mais implicados em surtos de salmonelose têm sido ovos e seus derivados e carne de aves, devendo ser destacada a manipulação inadequada como um fator de contaminação cruzada (KAKU et al, 1995;SAKAI;CHALERMCHAIKIT, 1996;CAMARGO et al, 1998;JAKABI et al, 1999;KIST;FREITAG, 2000;OLSEN et al, 2001).…”

Caracterización por electroforesis de campo pulsado de aislamientos de Salmonella Typhimurium recuperados en el programa de vigilancia de enfermedad diarreica aguda en Colombia, 1997-2004

“…Con base en la diversidad de los antígenos somáticos y flagelares, el género Salmonella se clasifica en 2.523 serotipos descritos en el esquema de Kauffmann y White (3,4). S. Typhimurium es uno de los serotipos más frecuentemente aislados en pacientes con salmonelosis en países como EEUU (5,6), Argentina y Brasil, entre otros (7). En nuestro país, la importancia de S. Typhimurium se debe a su frecuencia y perfil de multirresistencia antimicrobiana, representando el 28,2% del total de aislamientos de Salmonella spp.…”