The changes in psychological characteristics and reactions of elite athletes from injury onset until full recovery

Quinn, Ann; Fallon, Barry John

doi:10.1080/10413209908404201

Cited by 81 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Unlike my finding that psychological readiness was lowest after injury and increased during rehabilitation, they found that confidence was high immediately after injury, decreased during the first two-thirds of rehabilitation, and increased before athletes returned to sport participation. 7 They expected that confidence would be lowest rather than highest immediately after injury and speculated that high athlete confidence immediately after injury may have resulted from the common expectation of quickly returning to sport. Therefore, immediately after injury, athletes may have rated their confidence to eventually return to sport rather than their confidence at that particular moment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The POMS has been used primarily for quantitative measurement of emotional responses to athletic injury. 4,7,19 Procedures A letter of explanation was sent to 3 directors of athletics in NCAA Division II and Division III schools requesting permission to conduct the investigation at their respective institutions. After permission was granted, I sent an explanatory letter to the ATs at these schools and requested their participation in the study.…”

Section: Measurement Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7,8 Presently, only a few scales measure confidence within sport. 9 Two such scales are the Trait Sport Confidence Inventory (TSCI) and the State Sport Confidence Inventory (SSCI).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development and Preliminary Validation of the Injury-Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport (I-PRRS) Scale

Glazer

2009

Journal of Athletic Training

138

104

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Context: Only a few scales measure confidence within sport; however, these scales are insufficient to measure confidence after athletic injuries. Therefore, better measures are needed to determine the psychological readiness of injured athletes to return to sport participation. Objective: To develop a scale that measures the psychological readiness of injured athletes to return to sport participation and to provide preliminary evidence of reliability and validity for the scale. Design: The Delphi method was used to develop the Injury-Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport scale (I-PRRS). Two 1-way analyses of variance with repeated measures and 6 Pearson product moment correlations were computed to help validate the scale. Setting: Athletic training clinics at 3 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) schools. Patients or Other Participants: Four certified athletic trainers (ATs) and professors of Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education-accredited athletic training programs and 3 NCAA Division III coaches made up a panel of experts that participated in the Delphi portion of the study to develop the I-PRRS. In the second part of the study, 22 injured athletes, who missed a minimum of 1 week of practice, from 3 NCAA schools in Divisions II and III were surveyed along with their respective ATs. The injured athletes and ATs participated in the validation of the I-PRRS. Main Outcome Measure(s): The injured athlete completed the Profile of Mood States (POMS) short form and the I-PRRS shortly after injury, before returning to the first practice, before returning to competition, and immediately after competition. The respective AT completed the I-PRRS before and after competition. The I-PRRS is a 6-item scale that measures the psychological readiness of injured athletes to return to sport, and the POMS short form is a 30-item scale that measures mood states. I added the negative moods of the POMS and subtracted the positive moods of the POMS to calculate a Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) score. Results: The I-PRRS scores were negatively correlated with the TMD scores of the POMS short form at all 4 time intervals, showing concurrent validity. The I-PRRS scores were lowest after injury, increased before practice, increased again before competition, and had no change after competition. The I-PRRS as completed by the athlete and respective AT was positively correlated both before and after practice, demonstrating external validity. Conclusions: Preliminary evidence for reliability and validity of the I-PRRS was demonstrated. The I-PRRS can be a beneficial tool for ATs to assess an athlete's psychological readiness to return to sport participation after injury.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Measurement Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development and Preliminary Validation of the Injury-Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport (I-PRRS) Scale

Glazer

2009

Journal of Athletic Training

138

104

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“…This is a time when athletes typically display the greatest negative emotions (Quinn & Fallon, 1999). To help the athlete overcome these emotions, the practice nurse must be honest in coming to a shared understanding of the injury.…”

Section: Severs Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Psychology in sports injury rehabilitation

Concannon

Pringle²

2012

Br J Nurs

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“…7 Such odds, makes training for events like the marathon a particularly risky business and there seems to be no distinguishable preference to individual performance status. 8 As such the injured runner faces the predicament of a cessation in training, the onset of an initial negative psychological/emotional response(s), 9 followed by differing degrees of physiological and subsequent performance detraining effects. 10 Justifiably, such emotional responses are based on the substantiated and well documented understanding that physiological function decreases after as little as 3 weeks cessation 11,12 due primarily to cardiovascular system changes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Interventional Use of Water Treadmill Running During Long Periods of Injury

Macdermid¹,

Macdermid²

2016

Sport Exerc Med Open J

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Brief ReportPage 174 ABSTRACTThe aim of this brief study was to establish the efficacy of waist depth water Aquatic treadmill (ATM) running during a 28-day injury period where normal land based training was not possible. Synchronized tri-axial accelerometers were used to identify running dynamics while expired air and heart rate were sampled on a breath-by-breath basis for physiological variable collection throughout a 15-minute sub-maximal constant speed trial performed pre-injury, 28-days following initial injury (ATM training), and a further 10-days following a return to normal land based training. Water treadmill running altered spatio-temporal parameters that positively enhanced measures of running efficiency while reducing stress on the passive structures of the lower limbs. On cessation of ATM spatio-temporal parameters returned to normal while running efficiency remained greater than pre-injury values. As such, if water treadmill running does not hamper the rehabilitation process or negatively alter running technique it is a useful means of maintaining fitness following injury.

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The changes in psychological characteristics and reactions of elite athletes from injury onset until full recovery

Cited by 81 publications

References 17 publications

Development and Preliminary Validation of the Injury-Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport (I-PRRS) Scale

Development and Preliminary Validation of the Injury-Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport (I-PRRS) Scale

Psychology in sports injury rehabilitation

The Interventional Use of Water Treadmill Running During Long Periods of Injury

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