The challenges of global occurrence of aflatoxin M1 contamination and the reduction of aflatoxin M1 in milk over the past decade

Li, Min; Li, Dagang; Tong, Xiong; Sun, Hao; Chen, Weidong; Wang, Gang; Zheng, Nan; Wang, Jiaqi

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107352

Cited by 53 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…The incidence of AFM1 has been reported in various locations around the world, and many of the studies expressed concern about AFM1 contamination levels above the maximum level set by European Union (EU) legislation (0.05 μg/kg), although AFM1 levels often do not exceed the maximum level set by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the US (0.50 μg/kg) [ 45 ]. The data collected from studies carried out in recent years show that the incidence of AFM1 in milk samples is relatively low in European countries (lower than 20%), while studies in Asian countries show that the occurrence of AFM1 can reach 100% samples [ 46 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field Monitoring of Aflatoxins in Feed and Milk of High-Yielding Dairy Cows under Two Feeding Systems

Bervis

Lorán

Juan

et al. 2021

Toxins

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Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) that can be excreted in milk of cows after consuming contaminated feed. The aim of this study consisted of a field monitoring to assess the contamination levels of AFB1 in 60 feed samples from two feeding systems for high-yielding dairy cows and of AFM1 in the corresponding raw milk samples. The aflatoxins were analyzed by in-house validated methods based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. AFB1 was detected in 55% of feed samples (mean 0.61 μg/kg, with 2 samples exceeding the European Union (EU) maximum level set at 5 μg/kg), with greater incidence and concentration in compound feed than in unifeed rations (p < 0.05). AFM1 was detected in 38.3% milk samples (mean 12.6 ng/kg, with 5 samples exceeding the EU maximum level set at 50 ng/kg), with a higher occurrence in milk of cows fed compound feed, as well as in spring milk compared to that produced in winter. The overall transfer ratio of aflatoxins from feed to milk was 3.22%, being higher in cows fed with compound feed and in spring milkings. In a selection of positive matched samples (n = 22), the ratio AFM1/AFB1 exceeded the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) estimated 6% threshold for high-yielding dairy cows.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field Monitoring of Aflatoxins in Feed and Milk of High-Yielding Dairy Cows under Two Feeding Systems

Bervis

Lorán

Juan

et al. 2021

Toxins

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“…In crop production good management practices, handling, drying and storage is necessary but not sufficient for control. Because molds growth affected by several environmental factors that yields aflatoxins control is thus complex [13,101]. For diverse production environments for integrating resistance along with required agronomic features.…”

Section: Promising Technologies For Aflatoxin Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aflatoxins: Food Safety, Human Health Hazards and Their Prevention

Enespa¹,

Chandra²

2022

Aflatoxins - Occurrence, Detoxification, Determination and Health Risks

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Aflatoxins (AFTs) are group of secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi such as Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, A. nomius, and Emericella nidulans. AFTs contaminate foods, feeds, other raw ingredients used to produce them and that pose a significant threat to human health. These toxins designated as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and aflatoxin M2 (AFM2) are hydroxylated metabolites form of AFB1 and AFB2 are known as difuranocoumarin compounds. Naturally, these AFs have carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic effects and caused several metabolic disorders such as aflatoxicosis in domestic animals and humans worldwide. For the increasing in cancer incidences these risk factors are liable. AFB1 is 1000 times more potent hepatocarcinogen found in food then benzo (α) pyrene carcinogen. This chapter offers contamination sources, effects and their controlling approaches to confirm the food safety.

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“…The supplement of atoxigenic biocompetitive strains of A. flavus and A. parasiticus will competitively exclude the toxigenic strains. Furthermore, the application of lactic acid bacteria and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in storage will inhibit the growth of mold, and ultimately reduce AFB1 contamination ( Min et al., 2020 ).…”

Section: The Occurrence Of Afb1 Contamination In Feeds and Their Prevmentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of aflatoxin B1 biotransformation and aflatoxin M1 secretion in lactating dairy cows

Fink‐Gremmels

et al. 2021

Animal Nutrition

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Milk is considered a perfect natural food for humans and animals. However, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contaminating the feeds fed to lactating dairy cows can introduce aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), the main toxic metabolite of aflatoxins into the milk, consequently posing a risk to human health. As a result of AFM1 monitoring in raw milk worldwide, it is evident that high AFM1 concentrations exist in raw milk in many countries. Thus, the incidence of AFM1 in milk from dairy cows should not be underestimated. To further optimize the intervention strategies, it is necessary to better understand the metabolism of AFB1 and its biotransformation into AFM1 and the specific secretion pathways in lactating dairy cows. The metabolism of AFB1 and its biotransformation into AFM1 in lactating dairy cows are drawn in this review. Furthermore, recent data provide evidence that in the mammary tissue of lactating dairy cows, aflatoxins significantly increase the activity of a protein, ATP-binding cassette super-family G member 2 (ABCG2), an efflux transporter known to facilitate the excretion of various xenobiotics and veterinary drugs into milk. Further research should focus on identifying and understanding the factors that affect the expression of ABCG2 in the mammary gland of cows.

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The challenges of global occurrence of aflatoxin M1 contamination and the reduction of aflatoxin M1 in milk over the past decade

Cited by 53 publications

References 115 publications

Field Monitoring of Aflatoxins in Feed and Milk of High-Yielding Dairy Cows under Two Feeding Systems

Field Monitoring of Aflatoxins in Feed and Milk of High-Yielding Dairy Cows under Two Feeding Systems

Aflatoxins: Food Safety, Human Health Hazards and Their Prevention

An overview of aflatoxin B1 biotransformation and aflatoxin M1 secretion in lactating dairy cows

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