The Challenges of Diagnosis and Control of Enterotoxaemia Caused by &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Clostridium perfringens&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; in Small Ruminants

Pawaiya, Rajveer Singh; Kumaresan, G; Gangwar, Neeraj Kumar; Singh, Desh Deepak; Kumar, Rahul; Kumar, Ashok

doi:10.4236/aim.2020.105019

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 169 publications

(170 reference statements)

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“…The clinical signs observed are in consistent with that of Smith and Sherman (2011) and Ortega et al (2019). Diarrhoea was the most consistent finding which is due to enterocolitis in acute cases and initial softening of faeces in sub acute cases (Pawaiya et al, 2020). The nervous signs observed could be associated with ETX that was known to stimulate the release of glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter, by targeting the hippocampal glutamatergic system (Lonchamp et al, 2010 andPopoff, 2011) or vasogenic edema and neuronal toxicity (Morris et al, 2017).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

“…However, in ia (150 to 200 mg/dL) due to the mobilization of hepatic glycogen and marked glycosuria are reported to be characteristic in the terminal stage of enterotoxaemia (Constable et al, 2017). Glycosuria is said to be strongly indicative of enterotoxaemia in both sheep and goats (Uzal and Songer, 2008), where as Pawaiya et al (2020) reported the hyperglycaemia and glycosuria to be inconsistent in goats.…”

Section: Control Positivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Though sheep enterotoxaemia is well documented, the situation is less clear in goats on account of limited studies carried in the goats. Availability of literature on haematologic and clinical biochemistry studies on enterotoxaemia is also limited (Pawaiya et al, 2020). This paper aims to report the incidence of classical enterotoxaemia in goats of different age groups with specific signs by qualitative detection of epsilon toxin in faeces, therapeutic management and haemato-biochemical analysis in the affected goats.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of Epsilon Toxin in Goats Affected with Acute Enterotoxaemia and the Haemato-biochemical Alterations

Saravanan

Mohanapriya

Ramprabhu

2022

IJAR

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Background: The principal cause of caprine enterotoxaemia is Clostridium perfringens type D which is normally resident in digestive tract and soil in fairly low numbers. Overeating of carbohydrate rich diet or sudden change in diet leads to proliferation of the bacteria and release of lethal toxins in intestine of the host. It causes sudden death in affected ruminants of different ages, though lambs of 3 to 10 weeks of age are highly susceptible. It causes sever enterocolitis with or without haemorrhagic diarrhoea and encephalitis resulting in acute nervous signs with a fatal outcome. Methods: Thirty goats of different breeds under 1-4 years age and both sex were presented to Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tirunelveli with the neurological signs and diarrhoea were the subject of study. Faecal samples were collected from all these cases and tested on spot by immunochromatographic test kit to identify the Clostridium perfringens Epsilon toxin (ETX). Blood and serum samples were collected and subjected haemato-biochemical analysis. Peripheral blood smears were also collected to rule out haemoprotozoan infections in all the cases. Result: Epsilon toxin was detected from faecal samples of 36.6 per cent of the goats. Diarrhoea was the most consistent finding which is due to enterocolitis in acute cases. A significant increase (P less than 0.001) in the neutrophils and leukocytes count and a significant increase (P less than 0.05) in the levels of BUN, creatinine, glucose, ALP and chloride levels were observed. All the cases were treated with sulphadimidine at recommended dose with supportive therapy but no response was reported due to the fatal encephalitis.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Control Positivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of Epsilon Toxin in Goats Affected with Acute Enterotoxaemia and the Haemato-biochemical Alterations

Saravanan

Mohanapriya

Ramprabhu

2022

IJAR

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“…When lambs are between four to ten weeks old, they need to be vaccinated with toxoid and then again, one month later. While waiting for vaccination immunity to develop, decreasing food intake is an effective means of shortterm control measure (Pawaiya et al 2020).…”

Section: Treatment Prevention and Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridial Diseases Health Perspective in Farm Animals

2022

Int J Vet Sci

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“…The majority of enteric infections, often known as enterotoxaemia, in sheep and goats were caused by C.perfringens. This microbe is typically present in the intestinal flora of both humans and animals (Pawaiya et al, 2020), but under exceptional conditions where the physiological balance of the intestine is disturbed, it can proliferate rabidly and cause disorders related to a variety of toxins (Bourlioux et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular characterization of Clostridium perfringens in small ruminants

Mohamed,

Elfeky,

Abd Al-Azeem

et al. 2023

SVU-International Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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A significant foodborne pathogen as Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) has been linked to many diseases in sheep and goat, included; Enterotoxaemia, pulpy kidney disease,struck, and even animal mortality. So, The objective of this study is to discuss the presence of C. perfringens in small ruminants with focusing on the virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance profile, and biofilmforming capacities of the organism. A total 166 samples, (95 from sheep, 71 from goats) collected from apparently healthy, diarrheic animals and dead carcasses suspected to be infected with enterotoxaemia in Sohag, Egypt. These samples were subjected for Animal health research institute lab for microbiological examination. The phenotypic identification revealed that 25 isolates (15.1%) were Clostridium spp. 10 isolates were identified as C. perfringens by PCR using a species-specific 16S rRNA gene. The results of multiplex PCR, revealed that the cpa gene, which is responsible for C. perfringens toxintype A, had the highest prevalence (90%) followed by the cpe gene, which is responsible for type F, while none of the isolates had the cpb, etx, and iap genes. Phenotypically, the majority of the isolates displayed multidrug resistance (MDR) patterns for, vancomycin, tetracycline , oxacillin, and piperacillin,. erythromycin and ceftazidime and whereas genetically, our isolates had the bla(70%), ermB (40%) and tetK (30%) genes. Our isolates demonstrated a moderate (10%) and weak (60%) ability to form biofilm.

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The Challenges of Diagnosis and Control of Enterotoxaemia Caused by <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> in Small Ruminants

Cited by 8 publications

References 169 publications

Detection of Epsilon Toxin in Goats Affected with Acute Enterotoxaemia and the Haemato-biochemical Alterations

Detection of Epsilon Toxin in Goats Affected with Acute Enterotoxaemia and the Haemato-biochemical Alterations

Clostridial Diseases Health Perspective in Farm Animals

Molecular characterization of Clostridium perfringens in small ruminants

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